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If matter were stable all this time (but it isn’t…), then everything would be Fe56

Positrons e+ created by protons p+ meet electrons e- and are transformed into energy. At this point the 10^79 particles that made up the universe should be energy (…) Entropy – the Second Law of Thermodynamics – is the implacable winner. Uniform Chaos. It was

Quantum tunneling liquefies matter

The 10^80 p+ protons decay into e+ positrons (which annihilate with e- electrons producing gamma rays) and into pions (which also decay into gamma rays)

Daejeon, South Korea: South Korean scientists have announced a new world record for the length of time they have sustained temperatures of 100 million degrees Celsius — seven times hotter than the core of the sun — during a nuclear fusion experiment, in what they

Livermore, California. A major breakthrough has been announced by US scientists in the race to recreate nuclear fusion. Physicists have pursued the technology for decades as a potential source of nearly limitless clean energy, and they have confirmed they have overcome a major hurdle: producing

Nobel Prize in Physics to Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger, for their groundbreaking experiments on entangled quantum states, in which two subatomic particles behave as a single unit even when separated. The implications are far-reaching in areas such as secure information transfer, quantum

England. The Joint European Torus (JET) nuclear fusion experiment based in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, has more than doubled the amount of fusion energy produced in a single “shot,” breaking a previous record that JET had held since 1997. Officials announced today that during an experiment

The man considered the “father of Pakistan’s nuclear bomb”, Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan, has died at the age of 85 after being hospitalised with Covid-19. Dr Khan was hailed as a national hero for transforming his country into the world’s first Islamic nuclear power. But

Natanz Nuclear Site, Iran. Thousands of centrifuges are destroyed or damaged by cyber sabotage. The centrifuges are used to separate “weapon grade” Uranium 235 (needed to make nuclear weapons) from Uranium 238 (abundant in nature). Much of the complex is up to 50 meters underground.

Iran withdraws from the nuclear limitation treaty signed in 2015.

Archangel, Russia. Nuclear accident on a platform in the Arctic Sea, during a test of a new nuclear missile by the Russian military. 7 engineers who were working on the new weapon system (which is not revealed) die. For a few hours, a radiation spike

Kaonan Micadei of the Federal University of ABC in Brazil, build a micro system, at the atomic level, where the arrow of time, understood as linked to entropy, is reversed, that is, heat flows from a cold body to a hot one.

North Korea. Underground explosion of a thermonuclear device of about 50Kton. This is the sixth North Korean nuclear test.

China Breaks Record for “Action at a Distance by Entanglement,” Takes Step Toward Quantum Internet. Micius Satellite Results Test Quantum Entanglement, Pointing the Way to Hack-Proof Global Communications. A team of Chinese scientists using an experimental satellite has tested quantum entanglement over unprecedented distances, transmitting

The ALPHA experiment at the LHC particle accelerator in Geneva records the spectrum of an antihydrogen atom for the first time. The spectrum is confirmed to be identical to that of hydrogen, as per the CPT (Charge, Parity-Spin, Time) inversion theory.

North Korea tests its fourth nuclear device at Sungjibaegam, Punggye-ri site in North Hamgyong Province, in the northeast of the country. The government of the country claims that the test was of a “miniaturized H-bomb”. There are doubts that it was a hydrogen bomb however,

The Wendelstein 7-X Stellarator is ignited in Germany for the first time. Initially with Helium. It is a prototype nuclear fusion reactor with an innovative design compared to the traditional tokamak. The project has a budget of 1.06 BLN EUR.

Vienna: After almost two years of negotiations, the Iranian nuclear deal is confirmed.

Geneva. First data collected from 13 TeV collisions after LHC restarts at doubled power.

Lausanne. The negotiations between the Americans and the Iranians reach, after many postponements, an agreement for the general framework that includes, among other things, the reduction of Iranian centrifuges from over 19,000 to 6,104, not enriching uranium above 3.67% for at least 15 years, reducing

The United States has 4,650 nuclear weapons, of which about 300 are assigned to strategic bombers, 500 on Minuteman III missiles, 1,150 on Trident missiles aboard nuclear submarines, and another 200 thermonuclear bombs are stored in Turkey, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy for use by

At the LHC in Geneva, the discovery (with 5 sigma confidence) of a Higgs boson with an estimated mass of around 125.3 GeV (CMS measurement) – 126.0 GeV (Atlas measurement) was confirmed.

Fukushima, Japan: It is decided to dump water from above from Chinook helicopters on reactors number 2 and 4 to cool them and prevent the core from melting. Then an attempt is made by having fire trucks approach with a powerful water cannon, but both

Fukushima, Japan: Fires and explosions also in reactors number 2 and 4. Reactor number 4 releases significant amounts of radiation due to the exposure of spent uranium rods stored in the upper part of the building, which cause a fire.

Fukushima, Japan: Explosion also at reactor 3 that devastates the containment structure, again due to the accumulated hydrogen. The core casing holds. 3 is the only one that also uses Plutonium in the fuel mix.

Fukushima, Japan: Explosion at reactor 1, caused by hydrogen accumulation. The outer concrete casing is torn. The steel casing protecting the core holds. Radioactivity near the plant reaches a peak of 1204 microsieverts per hour, about double the limits set by Japanese law.

Fukushima, Japan: the reactors are cooled with sea water, a measure that seems reassuring but which reveals a desperate act given the extreme measure.

Fukushima, Japan: the 6 reactors shut down automatically at the beginning of the 9.0 Richter scale earthquake. However, they are seriously damaged by the subsequent tsunami that puts the automatic cooling system into crisis.

Professor Sergio Focardi and engineer Andrea Rossi demonstrate in a laboratory in Via dell’Elettricista in Bologna an energy production process that could be cold fusion between Nickel atoms and Hydrogen atoms. The energy produced is 15 times greater than that introduced. The process is not

The LHC (Large Hadron Collider) is switched on at CERN in Geneva

John Archibald Wheeler, one of the greatest physicists of the 20th century, dies of pneumonia at the age of 96. He coined the term “black holes,” worked with Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr, and mentored talents such as Richard Feynman and Hugh Everett. In the

Alberto Carpintieri, professor of Construction Sciences at the Polytechnic of Turin, and Fabio Cardone, physicist, publish the controversial results on the piezo nuclear fission observed in elements such as Iron or Nickel in granite or basalt compressed at high pressures, with neutron emission. The research,

In the article “Classical World Arising out of Quantum Physics under the Restriction of Coarse-Grained Measurements” Johannes Kofler and Časlav Brukner of the Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, describe the experiments with which they observe the gradual vanishing of quantum reality and the rise

Auger Observatory scientists demonstrate that cosmic rays of very high energy come from supermassive black holes in the centers of galaxies

John Pendry of Imperial College London, David Dschurig and David Smith of Duke University in North Carolina, have created a relatively simple device that is invisible (“Cloak of Invisibility”) to 3.5cm microwaves polarized perpendicular to its plane.

A mixed Russian-American group in Dubna managed to produce as many as 3 atoms of element 118 (Organesson, the last one on the bottom right of the Mendeleev Table), and the same group will also produce 113 Nihonium, 114 Flevorium, 115 Moscovium, 116 Livermorium, 117

Hans Bethe dies

Soudan, Minnesota (former US Steel mine). The MINOS (Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search) experiment records two or three events per week. Its purpose is to elucidate the oscillation of solar neutrinos between electron neutrinos (as emitted by the nucleus) and muon and tau neutrinos.

A group of scientists from the University of Science and Technology of China have managed to keep five photons entangled, a property that allows them to teleport the quantum state of one of the five photons to one of the other three using the fourth

Edward Teller, father of the American H-bomb, dies. Born in Hungary, a hawk under several administrations, a convinced anti-communist and a supporter of the use of the Bomb for various applications, in addition to the military one.

The never-ending story of missing solar neutrinos has come to an end: the deficit of about 50% of solar neutrinos, now confirmed by five experiments (SAGE, GALLEX, Super-Kamiokande, SNO, Davis) is explained by the detection of all three flavors in the SNO experiment using a

Steven D. Howe, Gerald P. Jackson of H-Bar Technologies propose storing antihydrogen in 14K solid pellets with 150um diameter suspended in electrostatic traps; 42mg would be equivalent to the energy of the Space Shuttle External Tank; 500Kg would be equivalent to the entire energy needs

Shamit Kachru, Renata Kallosh and Andrei Linde of Stanford, and Sandip Trivedi of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Bombay, India, find strong evidence that the “landscape of string theory” (the multidimensional “landscape” created by the possible values assumed by the equations of string

The speed of gravity is measured for the first time: it turns out to be approximately the speed of light: 300,000 km/s (+/- 20%)

The Chinese-British couple Chan Hong-Mo and Tsou Sheung Tsun find a way to predict the 17 parameters of the Standard Model, which otherwise should be simply taken from experimental observation, by calculating 14 of them; the Standard Model is of the SU(3)xSU(2)xU1/Z6 type, i.e. 3quark-colors

The United States has 10,455 nuclear weapons; Russia has 8,579

The deficit of about 50% of solar neutrinos is now confirmed by four experiments (SAGE, GALLEX, Super-Kamiokande, SNO) as well as by the original Davis experiment several decades earlier. A brilliant intuition in this regard is to use heavy water (deuterium) in the SNO experiment

commission of experts in the article “Review of Speculative Disaster Scenarios at RHIC” on Reviews of Modern Physics, excludes that the experiments being conducted at Brookhaven Nat’l Labs in Long Island, could trigger the destruction of the planet (in fact, the creation of a drop

FermiLab, Chicago. First experimental evidence, via the DONUT (Direct Observation of NU-Tau) experiment.

The SAGE and GALLEX experiments, which have been plundering nearly all the gallium produced on the planet for decades, measure about a hundred events in ten years. The deficit compared to predictions is about 50%. It turns out that this is due to the change

Deborah S. Jin and her student Brian DeMarco generate a Fermi condensate with Potassium 40 cooled to 50 millionths of a degree Kelvin

James M. Tour, Mark Reed at Yale, demonstrate that single molecules can function as switches

Anton Zeilinger and colleagues in Vienna perform the two-slits experiment with fullerene molecules (or bucky balls: C60 and C70) with a diameter of one nanometer

Japanese and American scientists in Japan discover that neutrino has mass; Super-Kamiokande is used: a tank of 50,000 tons of water at a depth of 1000 m

Eugenio Calabi and Shing-Tung Yau mathematically describe the Calabi-Yau Sapces, that is, the 6 extra space-time dimensions predicted by string theory; they are Kahler manifolds, that is, they have a Riemannian metric and a complex structure

Juan Maldacena hypothesizes what will become known as the Maldacena Conjecture (or ADS/CFT conjecture), it is the most famous form of the Holographic Principle according to which the state of each string in our space can be put in 1-1 correspondence with the state of

Nicholas Cerf, C. Adami of Caltech, and Paul Kwiat of Los Alamos National Labs show how to obtain a CN (controlled NOT) gate with polarized light

The United States has 10,763 nuclear weapons; the USSR has 10,764; substantial parity decided at the table

First experimental detection of the GHZ entangled state (Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger): entanglement of more than two particles in which the quantum nature of the entangled state is immediately revealed, inexplicable by normal statistics or by unknown hidden variables; it is carried out by Raymond Laflamme, Manny Knill

An international committee names element 105 as Dubnium and not Hahnium as it was informally called before. And 109 as Meitnerium. In 1944 Otto Hahn had won the Nobel Prize for Physics for experiments carried out in Germany that proved beyond any doubt the fission

Intel Corp., in collaboration with the Department of Energy (DOE), announces that it has built a one-teraflop supercomputer

President Clinton signs the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty for the total ban on nuclear tests, even underground; it will be said that this signature was made possible by the quantum level modeling of the bomb and the surrounding environment on a super computer just built

Basic principles are discovered that make it possible for quantum computers to protect against errors, both classical bit-flips and superposition-destrying errors.

After many years of disputes over names, IUPAC publishes the definitive list of the latest elements discovered (in the last thirty years): 104 Rutherfordium, 105 Dubnium, 106 Seaborgium, 107 Bohrium, 108 Hassium, 109 Meitnerium. Then the ball will pass to the Germans of Darmstadt, who

Detroit, United States. Sixteen-year-old David Hahn, with incredible skill, tries to build an innovative self-breeding nuclear reactor in his mother’s backyard shed. He gets hold of Uranium 233 (which would transform into Thorium 232, then Thorium 233, Protactinium 233, and finally Uranium 233 again. He

Nobel Prize in Physics to Frederick Reines for the discovery of the neutrino

Edward Witten of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey names the 11-dimensional M-Theory which includes as a special case the 5 string theories known so far; the M-theory includes 1-dimensional strings, 2-dimensional membranes and 3 or more dimensional branes; the special cases

Chris Monroe, Dawn Meekhof, Brian King, Wayne Itano, Dave Wineland, of the Boulder National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) manage to implement a CN gate with only one trapped ion

Wolfgang Ketterle, Eric Cornell, and Carl Wieman at MIT achieve the first Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC: atoms at very low temperatures condense into a single object with peculiar properties) in the laboratory. Two thousand Rubidium atoms at 0.000000001K, reach the BEC for ten seconds, a single

Peter Shor of AT&T Bell Labs in New Jersey and Andrew M. Steane of Oxford University independently show how to error-correct a transmitted frame at the quantum level, without ever reading the states of the qubits or even cloning them.

Shih, University of Baltimore, Maryland, performs an experiment that confirms the quanglement effect (quantum information transferred through entanglement)

At FermiLab two teams of almost 1000 scientists (USA, Italy, Japan, Canada, Taiwan) announce the discovery of the Top Quark: it has a mass of 175 GeV (it weighs as much as a gold atom!) One of the last pieces of the Standard Model falls

David di Vincenzo of IBM Research shows how to build a Deutsch Gate with combinations of only two-qu-bit gates inputs (and outputs, being reversible)

Peter Shore of AT&T Bell Labs in New Jersey theorizes an algorithm for quantum computers to quickly find the prime factorization of a number

Charles H.Benet (IBM), Gilles Branard, Clude Crepean, Richard Josza (University of Montreal), Asher Peres (Technion, Israel Inst. Of Techn.), William K.Wootters (Williams College) discover a way to use quantum mechanics to teleport a photon (i.e. its quantum state)

Bruno Pontecorvo dies

Nobel Prize in Physics to Georges Charpak for the invention of particle detectors

George HW Bush announces the unilateral withdrawal of thousands of nuclear weapons. This is the largest reduction in nuclear weapons. All US Army tactical weapons in Europe are removed, half of the Navy’s are destroyed and the rest are removed and put into storage, 450

Crimea. Mikhail Gorbachev’s Dacha. During the hostage-taking of the Secretary of the Communist Party, his subordinates with the briefcase containing the missile launch codes are in the house next door and realize that their equipment has no longer a connection to the outside. The civilian