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3:15 a.m. Jornada del Muerto, New Mexico. The rain stops. Meteorologist Hubbard has the first confirmation that the explosion may occur as planned.

Himmler was subjected to further interrogation and a further search to ensure he was not hiding any poison. At this point, he broke the cyanide capsule he had placed in a crack between his teeth. The British immediately administered an emetic and pumped his stomach

Signal Intelligence: At Bletchley Park, 140 “Bombes” are in operation, the electro-mechanical machines (designed by Alan Turing) to decrypt the Nazi Enigma code.

Samuel Goudsmit, discoverer of electron spin and head of the Alsos mission (=groves in French = Groves in English, which directs the Manhattan Project in the USA) questions Frederic Joliot about the progress of the Nazi nuclear program

Winston Churchill and Franklin Delano Roosevelt meet on the island of Newfoundland and sign the Atlantic Charter; this is the foundation of the new world order that sees the United States as the new superpower and the British as a close ally; Clause 3, which

USSR. The Kosberg Bureau (KBKhA) Design Bureau – Konstruktorskoe Buro KhimiAutomatiki (Chemical Automatics Design Bureau), was founded in 1941 in Moscow, evacuated to Berdsk, and then established in Voronezh, on the border with Ukraine. It developed the engines for the upper stages of the R-7:

Frank Rowlett delivers the first two decrypted Japanese Purple messages to William Friedman. The Americans crack the Japanese Purple diplomatic code. This reopens access to information flow among the highest levels of Japanese diplomacy.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt at the White House

Political violence spreads across Germany: 84 Nazis killed and 9,715 wounded; 75 Communists killed.

In a tragedy that will unite and move the entire country, Charles Lindbergh’s two-year-old son is kidnapped and murdered in New Jersey.

At the Rome Conference, the term Neutrino, a particle postulated by Pauli to make the calculations of energy conservation add up, becomes commonly used.

In China the traditional calendar is formally abolished

Lindbergh accomplishes the feat! The “Spirit of Saint Louis” piloted by Charles Lindbergh flies nonstop from Paris to New York in 33 hours. Beneath him lie the wreckage and remains of 27 other planes and pilots who attempted it before him.

Turning Point in Italian colonial policy: the population of the newly conquered colonies begins with thousands of carefully pre-selected settlers from their homeland.

The competition committee for the chair of physics at the University of Rome meets; the committee is composed of Garbasso Maggi, Cantone, Quirino Majorana, and Corbino. Fermi wins first place.

In 1926, Enrico Fermi published “On the Quantization of the Perfect Monatomic Gas,” in which he exploited the Pauli exclusion principle, formulated just a year earlier, for a system of particles. The article immediately received widespread attention. The international conference commemorating the centenary of Alessandro

Modena. The Cinema Principe opens in front of the Monumental Temple. The cinema is dedicated to Crown Prince Umberto of Savoy.

Paris Olympics

International Business Machines (IBM) is born

Franklin Delano Roosevelt contracted polio.

Guglielmo Marconi and his yacht, Elettra, entered the ports of Fiume, welcomed triumphantly by Gabriele D’Annunzio, with whom a strong and long-lasting friendship would be born.

Thomas Alva Edison, in response to the financial panic caused by the Wall Street bombing and the resulting stock market crash and recession, fired almost all the employees hired by his son Charles in his absence.

Robert Goddard via Smithsonian Institution publishes: “A Method of Attaining Extreme Altitude”

Austrian mine still under the Italian Dente on Pasubio

France. Demba Mboup and his comrades from the French Colonial Corps, assigned to the Sixth and Tenth Armies, clash with the German Seventh Army along the Chemin des Dames. Overall, the French muster over a million men ready for the assault. The troops advance across

Naval Battle of Jutland

In the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes the Russian army is annihilated by the Germans

The first gasoline service station. It is owned by the Mellon family and is located in Pittsburgh.

The word CINZANO on the Champs-Élysées lights up in neon. This is the first neon advertisement and the first commercial application of Georges-Claude’s discovery.

Thomas Alva Edison began supplying the Ford Motor Company with 450,000 A-type batteries each year. Edison invested $1.2 million in this manufacturing project.

American Thomas Hunt Morgan discovers the function of chromosomes in the transmission of hereditary characteristics

There are 25,000 tractors in the USA

Charles Howard Hinton wins a Scientific American award for the best explanation of the fourth dimension. Hinton realizes, among other things, that the fourth dimension, if it exists, must be so small that it escapes experimental detection. For example, it must be smaller than a

Ernest Rutherford published the results of his experiments, carried out in 1907-1908, which demonstrated that atoms are mostly composed of empty space, with a very small, dense nucleus.

Carl Auer patents an alloy of cerium and iron, Auermetal 1, which produces sparks when struck. Lighter flints have been made from this material for over a century.

Oil is discovered in Texas: at Spindletop Hill, Beamount, Texas, 100,000 barrels of oil are extracted per day compared to an average of 50-100, maximum 5,000, barrels per day in other deposits known at the time.

Australia becomes a nation, 113 years after the first British ships landed.

J.P. Morgan meets twice with Nikola Tesla. Morgan controls most of the railroads in the eastern United States and played a key role in the formation of General Electric with Thomas Edison. In the late 1900s, he was also involved, with Andrew Carnegie, in the

The first underwater oil well is drilled off the coast of Santa Barbara, California.

Pierre and Marie Curie discovered Polonium during their research on radioactivity (alpha, beta, gamma rays)

London. Guglielmo Marconi, through his lawyer William Carpmael, files a patent with the Patent Office for “Improvements in Telegraphy and Apparatus Related to It.” It will be approved two weeks later.

Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty of Shimonoseki. The terms are extremely unfavorable for China: Japan annexes the island of Taiwan, recognizes Japan’s sphere of influence in Korea, and the Chinese are forced to pay a huge war indemnity and cede the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria and the

Guglielmo Marconi, on holiday in the Alps, read an article by Hertz on the generation of radio waves with electrical discharges; he immediately returned to Bologna with the idea of wireless telegraphy in mind.

Rudolf Diesel obtains his patent for the eponymous compression engine, which reaches temperatures sufficient to ignite fuel. He then persuades the two major companies, Maschinenfabrik and Augsburg und Friedrich Krupp, to develop his invention, which takes much longer than he had anticipated. Despite disappointments over

Electric lights are installed in the White House in Washington, D.C. But the president is not allowed to touch the switches, as Edison himself warns him of the mortal danger.

The first typewriter with fully visible hammers is introduced to the market.

Wilson Bentley, a Vermont farmer and self-taught scientist, photographs a single snowflake for the first time; the photograph, along with 13 million other photographs, is part of the Smithsonian Photography Initiative.

Germany. Gottfried Daimler invents the motorcycle. He calls it the Petroleum Reitwagen. Nikolaus Otto built the first gasoline engine in 1866. But it wasn’t until World War I, and its military use, that the internal combustion engine truly took off. 50 years after Otto.

Robert Goddard, the father of astronautics, was born in Massachusetts.

Thomas Edison and one of his engineers, William Hammer, discovered the Edison effect: the appearance of an electric current between a heated cathode and an anode in a vacuum tube; the phenomenon was not further explored.

Thomas Edison opens the first commercial electrical plant in New York, with 85 paying customers for a total of 400 lamps.

Thomas Edison’s invention of the carbon-filament incandescent lamp, as in many other cases of “inventions,” is actually based on ideas developed, and patented, by other “inventors” from 1841 to 1878. Similar arguments could be made for the Wright brothers’ airplane, Morse’s telegraph, etc. etc.

Sweden. Samarium is discovered, named in honor of Russian mining engineer Vasili Samarsky, who discovered the samarium-containing mineral several years earlier.

Engineer Joseph Henry dies in his sleep. He was the first to explain the design principles of electromagnets, and built an enormous one capable of lifting 660 pounds. He never patented his inventions. The unit of measurement for magnetic induction is named after him.

Swedish retreat from America. The Swedes resell their Caribbean possession, the island of St. Bartholomew, to the French (from whom they had purchased it in 1785). The main city is still called Gustavia, after King Gustav III of Sweden.

First show in the world with the performance of a cannon man

Englishman Henry Alexander Wieckham left the Amazon on a chartered ship carrying 70,000 seeds of Hevea brasiliensis, one of the most productive natural rubber trees. In June 1876, he arrived at the home of botanist Joseph Hooker, curator of the Royal Botanical Garden at Kew,

Charles Darwin publishes The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex

Wyoming Women’s Voting Rights

Thomas Alva Edison resigns from Western Union in Boston and becomes a full-time inventor.

James Clark Maxwell publishes “On Governors” in the Proceedings of the Royal Society (no. 100 – 1868), with reference to the problems of setting up telescopes

French astronomer Pierre Janssen travels to Guntur in the Bay of Bengal, hosted by the British governor of the province, to witness a solar eclipse. When darkness envelops the observers, his spectroscope records five or six spectral lines, including an unknown one: helium. However, the

Garibaldi, with 8,000 poorly armed and poorly dressed volunteers, laid siege to Monterotondo in Lazio. After two assaults, they managed to capture the fort.

The Suez Canal is completed. It will be inaugurated on November 17, 1869.

Lewis Carroll’s Mad Hatter in Alice in Wonderland arose from the fact that hatters used an orange liquid containing mercury to separate the hair from the skin when making felt hats. The mercury, inhaled from the fumes emitted by the vats, sometimes caused them to

Lewis Carroll, pseudonym of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1832 – 1898), wrote “Alice in Wonderland”

The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution passed Congress by a vote of 119 to 56 (just two votes above the required two-thirds majority) and is now in the process of being approved by three-quarters of the states.

The submarine Hunley, carrying Lieutenant Dixon and six other volunteers, leaves Charleston harbor and, joined by the powerful 1,240-ton Union cruiser Housatonic, manages to sink it. The submarine is engulfed by the wave and sinks. This is the first sinking of a ship by a

Herbert Spencer coins the phrase “Survival of the fittest” regarding natural selection

From a dock on Sullivan’s Island near Charleston, South Carolina, eight Confederate soldiers board the submarine Hunley; at 8:45 p.m., they sink the Union corvette Housatonic; the first time in history, a submarine sinks an enemy ship.

The brand new Confederate ironclad Arkansas manages, with heavy losses and damage, to reach besieged Vicksburg on the Mississippi.

Otto von Bismark is head of government in Prussia.

The Battle of Seven Pines, Virginia, ends in a stalemate. The Confederates gain a couple of kilometers at the cost of 790 dead and the serious wounding of General Joseph Johnston.

Palermo. The situation is at a standstill: webs of barricades have formed in the historic center of Palermo, some even made of brick, with as many as three or four on each street. There are snipers on the roofs and behind the windows. The Bourbons

Australia. Second wave of immigration with the Chinese for the gold rush. A third wave followed in 1860, arriving from Melanesia and Polynesia for the sugarcane plantations of Queensland.

Evening. The Piedmontese in Verona have missed another opportunity and are allowing the Austrians to retreat within the city walls.

Piedmontese troops finally come within range of the Austrians, with a clash at Goito Bridge. The Bersaglieri experience their baptism of fire, with their founder and commander Alessandro La Marmora seriously wounded.

Milan. The Five Days of Milan end. The Austrian army, after suffering a thousand casualties, is forced to evacuate the city on the night between March 22 and 23, 1848. The Italians lost 409 casualties, including 35 women. The professions of approximately 250 are known:

Venice. The arsenal falls into Venetian hands and becomes the center of a revolt, with hundreds of marines, mostly Venetians, mutiniing. At a rally in St. Mark’s Square, Manin is proclaimed President of the Republic of St. Mark.

Milan. Tyrolean snipers targeted the Milanese city center from the spires of the Duomo. They fired on people in the streets and squares, and, during breaks, into apartment windows. The most ruthless sniper was Sergeant Lorenz Hupfauf, praised by Radetzky in a report. In the