E

Pauli hypothesizes the existence of neutrinos, a by-product of the radioactive decay of the neutron

King Alexander I, successor to Peter I, following the rise of Croatian separatist movements, declared a dictatorship and coined the name Yugoslavia for the nation.

Enrico Fermi married Laura Capon. They had two children: Nella (January 31, 1931) and Giulio (February 16, 1936).

Umberto Nobile and his crew set off to fly over the North Pole in an airship; during the return journey, the cabin of the airship crashes to the ground during a storm. The eight men who remained aboard the airship and the aircraft itself are

Carpi earthquake measured 4.8 on the Richter scale

Guglielmo Marconi is appointed President of the CNR (National Research Council)

The British had been cracking Soviet codes for years, but in 1927 everything was stopped due to an incredible political blunder: the British government decided to release some intercepts to justify breaking off relations with the USSR. Naturally, the Soviets changed the codes, and for

Claude Monet, founder of Impressionism, dies

Max Born realizes the probability distribution interpretation for the psi-squared form of the Schrodinger equation.

1:30 AM: Umberto Nobile flies over the North Pole and leaves the flags of Italy, the USA, and Norway. The airship is the Norge (launched in Svalbard the previous day and will later land in Teller, Alaska). 13,000 km navigated by visual navigation, 5,200 km

Richard E. Byrd (USA) flies over the North Pole on a Fokker T2

Mikhail Frunze, a leading Bolshevik revolutionary and a contender for power after Lenin’s death in 1924, dies mysteriously during a stomach operation “ordered” by the Politburo. This occurs after another “strange” car accident in which Frunze’s driver dies. After Frunze’s death, an investigation is ordered,

The Italian delegation to negotiate war reparations with the Americans departs for New York. It is composed of Finance Minister Giuseppe Volpi, Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs Dino Grandi, four diplomats, an industrialist (Alberto Pirelli), a banker (Mario Alberti of Credito Italiano), and two economists. The

Robert Oppenheimer studied at the Cavendish Labs in Cambridge, England. His mentors were J.J. Thomson and Patrick Blackett.

In the USA there are now 2.5 million radios in homes

The Italian State assumes the monopoly on television broadcasting

Oppau, Germany, a massive ammonium nitrate deposit explodes, creating a crater 130 meters in diameter and 12 meters deep. The explosion is heard 80 kilometers away.

In Germany, the National Socialists and the brown-shirt militias (Sturmabteilung) were born: the SA

Chechnya is integrated into the USSR

London. Japanese Prince Hiroito, the future Emperor Showa, and Edward, Prince of Wales, the future King Edward VIII, pose side by side for a photograph that immortalizes them dressed virtually identically. They are at the tailor Henry Poole & Co. on Savile Row. The moment

Pirandello writes ‘Six Characters in Search of an Author,’ a play in Rome.

Hermann Sorgel plans a dam with 1000 alternators to close the Strait of Gibraltar and lower the level of the Mediterranean Sea by 70-80m, thus creating vast expanses of new lands and new coastal cities to be founded; the new territory could be called Atlantropa.

Berlin. A woman is pulled from a canal, half-drowned. She is believed to be Anastasia, the last surviving Romanov, who escaped the massacre at the hands of the Bolsheviks in Yekaterinburg. She will continue to maintain this identity until her death in 1981 in America.

Antwerp Olympics

First public radio broadcasts in the USA

The U.S. Senate debates ratification of the 14-Point Treaty for a Peaceful World drafted by President Wilson, who had suffered a stroke in September 1919 from which he never fully recovered. The vote was 49 in favor and 37 against, but a two-thirds majority was

The IAU (International Astronomical Union) is responsible for naming planets, satellites, and their characteristics; they are divided into themes; some examples: Moon – large craters: scholars, artists, scientists; Moon – small craters: common first names; Venus – linae: goddesses of war; Venus – Dunes: goddesses

Nikola Tesla was contacted by a representative of the Soviet Union, on behalf of Lenin, who believed the electrification of the country was crucial to the success of communism. Lenin appears to have been interested in Tesla’s idea of distributing wireless power over vast distances.

Lufthansa is the world’s leading airline

The German High Seas Fleet surrenders to the British at Scapa Flow.

Kaiser Wilhelm II flees to Holland for his life. His abdication ends five centuries of rule by the royal house of Hohenzollern in Germany, which declares the legal abolition of nobility.

Patton and MacArthur met on the battlefield in Europe

German U-boats sank more than 3,000 merchant ships, or 25 percent of all ships; only with the convoy tactic did the Allies drastically reduce their losses in 1918.

October Revolution (Октябрьская революция). In Russia, the Soviets seize power (November 6 according to the Gregorian calendar corresponds to October 24 of the Julian Calendar adopted in Russia).

Austrian mine on the Marmolada, while the Italians abandon their positions to retreat to the Grappa.

Britain supports the creation of a Jewish state. British Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour presents a declaration of intent calling for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine. The British government hoped the formal declaration would help gain Jewish support for the Allied effort

Fourth Austrian mine on Lagazuoi Piccolo

Second Battle of Gaza: Second British assault on the Ottoman Empire’s fortified defenses. Pro-British Jews also developed a spy organization to inform the British of Ottoman troop movements. One of the codes used window shutters. Sara Aaronsohn, one of the commanders of this organization called

U.S. Army uniforms and boots represent the first mass use of zippers. They were invented by Swedish engineer (and immigrant to the United States) Gideon Sundback.

Russian General Brusilov, taking advantage of the Austro-Hungarian vacuum on the Russian front, launches an offensive with 40 divisions and takes 400,000 prisoners; it is the supreme moment of Tsarist Russia in the first conflict.

Townshend’s British forces surrender to the Turks at Kurt al’Amara, Mesopotamia

Easter Rising in Ireland. In Dublin, Irish nationalists led by Patrick Pearse launched the Easter Rising against British rule. The nationalists attacked provincial government centers and occupied the post office, proclaiming Irish independence. Within 24 hours, the city fell under their control. But the British

In the battle of Verdun the French have already lost 25,000 soldiers; the Germans at this juncture miss their chance to win the war by keeping two divisions doing nothing in the face of the British at Metz; Falkenhayn thus commits the same mistake as

Battle of Verdun: the largest and most tragic battle in history: 1.5 million soldiers died in 10 months of trench warfare Verdun also represents the passing of the burden of war from the French to the English and then the Americans

Karl Schwarzschild finds a solution to general relativity that represents a black hole; Schwarzschild dies shortly thereafter from a disease contracted on the Russian front.

Einstein presented to the scientific world his new theory of General or Extended Relativity, which complements Special or Restricted Relativity by extending the concept to non-inertial or accelerated systems. He published it in the August issue of the “Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akaddemie der Wissenschaften

The Russians enter Persia and occupy Tehran

British forces defeat the Turks at Kurt al’Amara, Mesopotamia

Italy signs a secret agreement in London to enter the war on the side of the Entente in exchange for territorial compensation in Trentino, Alto Adige, Venezia Giulia, Istria, and Dalmatia.

Dating rocks with radioactive isotopes

Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov was born in Nagutskoye

Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan arrives in London. Hardy and Littlewood immediately direct him to the intractability of prime numbers and demand rigorous proofs, as has been the Western tradition since the time of Gauss. But this goes against Ramanujan’s nature. One can only speculate on

Thomas Alva Edison marketed his Kinethophone, housed in a limited-access tent filled with asbestos to counteract the echo effect (according to Edison). It included a wax cylinder for recording six and a half minutes of voice or music. It had an endless loop and was

Britain introduced the Vickers machine gun (the Vickers and Maxim companies had merged). The German version, the Maschinengewehr 08, featured a water-filled cooling sleeve wrapped around the barrel to provide adequate cooling during continuous firing. It could fire up to 2,500 rounds before the barrel

American pharmacist Wilbur L. Scoville invented the Scoville Scale, which measures the spiciness of foods. Jalapeno pepper, for example, has a Scoville Heat Unit (SHU) of 4,500 because it must be diluted 4,500 times before it loses its spiciness. Dorset Naga, made by Michael and

At the Paris Auto Show, French inventor Georges Claude demonstrated the first neon lamp. It emitted a brilliant light that quickly found application in advertising lighting due to its magical quality. It was also called liquid fire. In reality, it didn’t burn anything: neon never

Vladimir Lenin, in exile in Geneva, in his tome “Materialism and Empirio-Criticism” states that the transformation of matter into energy and vice versa means that a new dialectic is emerging, which will embrace matter and energy.

Poincaré falls ill during the International Congress of Mathematicians in Rome.

Earthquake in Chile (Santiago, Valparaiso): 8.6 on the Richter scale, 20,000 deaths

Connecticut. Xerox is founded as The Haloid Photographic Company. It produces photographic paper and related machinery.

United States. The Wright brothers were granted U.S. Patent 821,393 for a “flying machine.” During their experiments in 1902, the Wrights successfully controlled their glider in all three axes of flight: pitch, roll, and yaw. Their revolutionary discovery was the simultaneous use of roll control

The largest diamond ever found. During a routine inspection of a mine in Pretoria, South Africa, a 3,106-carat diamond was discovered. The “Cullinan,” the largest diamond ever found, was later cut into 106 faceted diamonds, worth a total of millions of dollars. The “Star of

Anti-Tsarist Revolutionary Riots in Russia: Cossacks Fire on Crowd Bringing Petition to Tsar

Far East. Russo-Japanese War: an extremely bloody conflict, also called WW0 (World War Zero), stemming from the rival imperialist ambitions of the Russian Empire and Japan in Manchuria and Korea. The war was fought primarily for possession of the city of Port Arthur (also known

Morgan’s Sphinx (Xanthopan morgani). It is known for being the pollinating insect of the orchid Angraecum sesquipedale, commonly known as Darwin’s Orchid. In 1862, Charles Darwin wrote in the margin of his observations on the flower of Angraecum sesquipedale: “This species, whose large, star-like flowers

President Theodore Roosevelt initiates more than 40 antitrust lawsuits against several companies, including J.P. Morgan, Swift & Company Beef Trust, Standard Oil, and the American Tobacco Company.

Australia. One of the first actions of the first government was the Immigration Restriction Act, which limited immigration, for example by banning the entry of prostitutes and criminals (which is curious, given that in the early decades Australia was a penal colony and therefore the

Max Planck presupposes quanta of light (photons or “lucions” from phos, light)

Ownership of agricultural land by the families who cultivate it: in Mexico it is 2.4%, in Argentina it varies from 10% to 35%, in the United States it is 75%, in Canada it is 87% and similar percentages are found in Australia, New Zealand and

Friedrich Nietzsche dies of madness in Weimar, assisted by his sister (and before that by his mother)

The Hague, Netherlands. All technologically advanced nations except one ratify the Hague Convention, which prohibits the use of chemical weapons in warfare. The exception is the United States. Perhaps they had some reason to do so, since the treaty hypocritically bans substances barely more toxic

In 1803, Friedrich Sertuner, a German pharmacist, isolated morphine from poppy seed for the first time. It contains 24 alkaloids. He named the resulting compound morphine, in honor of Morpheus, the Roman god of sleep. In 1898, Bayer applied the acetylation process (which Felix Hofmann

Vilnius, Lithuania. The General Jewish Labor Bund of Lithuania, Poland, and Russia (Yiddish: אַלגעמײנער ייִדישער אַרבעטער־בונד אין ליטע, פּױלן און רוסלאַנד), generally called The Bund (Yiddish: דער בונד, cognate with German: Bund, literally ‘federation’ or ‘union’), is founded: a secular Jewish socialist party initially formed

A young French army doctor, Ernest Duchesne, noted that the Arabs used a special ointment to treat skin wounds, made from a mold that grows between the donkey’s saddle and back. It was a compound rich in penicillin.

The cinematograph is born. French film pioneers Auguste and Louis Lumière presented their Cinématographe to the public at the Grand Café on the Boulevard des Capucines in Paris. Thirty spectators paid to see short films showing scenes of everyday life, such as a baby being

Manhattan, New York. Nikola Tesla is recovering from a deep depression following the fire in his laboratory. (Part of his self-prescribed therapy also includes periodic electroshocks.) Tesla finally manages to rent a new two-story laboratory at 46 East Houston Street. Here, he will focus on

Six papers published by Poincare’ well summarize his contribution to Topology

The philosopher Sigmund Freud, along with Breuer, published a book on hysteria in which he introduced psychoanalysis, a verbal exchange between patient and therapist. The exchange takes place with the patient lying on the couch, and often focuses on childhood memories of sexual content.

William Ramsey discovers the first inert gas: argon, and shouts, “Fuck Argo!” (No, that’s not true… it’s just a quote). This is yet another challenge (soon to be won) for Mendeleev’s table, as it is located immediately to the right of the last element in

Hermann Oberth was born in Transylvania, which at the time was part of Germany. After World War I, it was ceded to Romania. Oberth would go on to design Europe’s first liquid-fueled rocket.