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Washington, D.C.—After the plan launched in Lausanne by Belgium, France, Germany, Japan, Great Britain, and Italy to settle war debts and remove barriers to international trade, the plan was approved by the U.S. Congress, which rejected it. Germany, however, immediately suspended outstanding payments, and other

Saudi Arabia, the Wahhabi kingdom, is founded, with its capital in Riyadh, seat of the Ibn Sauds.

Sakhalin Island, Soviet Far East. On Stalin’s orders, the Komsomol (“Young Communists”) is founded, a strategic center for the production of weapons and munitions, and the command center for the Gulag.

One of the cruelest laws of forced collectivization in the USSR decreed that all kolkhozes, cooperatives, fields, communities, warehouses, shops and so on were henceforth to be considered state-owned.

The Ford Motor Company builds a huge automobile manufacturing plant in the Soviet Union at Gorky; thousands of American workers and their families move to the USSR for the jobs, many of them remaining in the country for a long time; welcomed in the early

Milan. Campari introduces Campari Soda to the market.

Ettore Majorana provides a brilliant representation of the spin of a particle: the “Majorana Description”

The Catholic Church canonizes Joan of Arc (Joan of Arc)

Louis Leakey sets out on a mission to Africa funded by the British Museum. In the Rift Valley, between Tanzania and Kenya, he finds human bones and tools for stripping prey from bones. The finds will later be dated to 2 million years ago. Until

Charles Doolittle Walcott’s writings on the Burgess Shale are published.

France. A conference on the theme of colonization establishes racial segregation as an essential condition of colonial urban planning. It will be implemented by Italians in Italian East Africa starting in 1936. It had already been in place in South Africa for a couple of

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was born in Privolnoye, in the steppe west of Stavropol, in the northern Caucasus, in the mountains that descend from Georgia. Privolnoye means “free and easy,” even though life in this village, disrupted and depressed by forced collectivization, is anything but free

Alan Herries Wilson explains the difference at the atomic level between conductors, insulators and semiconductors

Hidechi Yukawa discovers that even the force acting on neutrons and protons in the nucleus (the Strong Nuclear Force) is affected by the exchange of quanta (8 gluons of enormous mass and very limited range).

Minnesota. Charles Lockwood is the Last Man Standing of 89 soldiers of the Stillwater Guards, or Company B of the 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry. They fought in the Battle of Antietam, and only 43 of them survived. After the Civil War, they agreed to meet

At Lowell Observatory they approve the name Pluto (which has the initials of Percival Lowell, who for many years was relentless in his search) for the ninth planet of the Solar System.

Librarian Falconer Madan, while having breakfast with his 11-year-old niece, Venetia Phair, reads in the Times about the discovery of the Solar System’s ninth planet. He asks her what name she would give it, and the girl replies, “Pluto,” which is the god of the

Tens of millions of small farms in the USSR were forced to collectivize. Approximately 9 million people were deported in just a few weeks.

Mass deportations to the USSR and the death of 6 million Ukrainians due to unrelieved famine (weapon of hunger – Holodomor)

The American company 3M puts on the market the first adhesive tape, invented by Richard Drew. It takes the name Scotch because of the accusation that 3M was saving on adhesive.

Albert Einstein and W.J. De Haas demonstrate the effect of ferromagnetism, through the alignment of the rotation of the electrons (later recognized as electronic spin) which causes, by gyroscopic effect, the rotation of the entire magnet to keep the total angular momentum unchanged.

United States. Twenty-three-year-old Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto from the Lowell Observatory in Arizona, as part of the search for Planet X launched in 1905 by American billionaire Percival Lowell. He did so by comparing two images, among tens of thousands of others analyzed, and discovered

The Poles, with Marian Rejewski, have already deciphered the German Enigma code, and in 1939 they will provide the solution to the British and the French.

Soviet Union. Stalin declared that the Soviet state must “liquidate the kulaks as a social class.” He also stated that two years should be sufficient. Kulaks constituted 3-5% of the rural population. The classification of “kulak” often led to the deportation of the most hardworking

Byrd flies over the South Pole. American explorer Richard E. Byrd, along with three companions, makes the first flight over the South Pole. Byrd gained international attention in 1926 when he passed within 150 miles of the North Pole. In 1929, he led a large,

Guglielmo Marconi, as president of the CNR, wrote a harsh and exasperated letter to Benito Mussolini, demanding significantly more funding for research he deemed fundamental to national life. He asked for roughly triple the available funds. Some of these funds arrived in 1930.

Jerusalem, Palestine. A mob of Arab Muslims attacks the Jewish neighborhoods outside the walls of Jerusalem’s Old City, north of the Damascus Gate. During the events that would later be remembered as the 1929 riots, 133 Jews and 116 Arabs are killed and numerous buildings

Mussolini appoints Enrico Fermi as a member of the Academy of Italy, a scientific institute created by the Duce in opposition to the Accademia dei Lincei.

Hoover is president of the United States

Dirac presents a relativistic theory of the electron that predicts the existence of antimatter

The Dutchman Clay, on a ship voyage from Java to Genoa, observes that the flux of cosmic rays depends on the Earth’s magnetic field and is therefore predominantly charged.

The radio signal from the device donated by Marconi to Umberto Nobile’s mission was finally picked up by a Russian radio amateur in Archangel; rescue operations began, during which other lives were lost, including that of Amundsen, who was missing with his plane. Nobile was

Oil magnate John D. Rockefeller Jr. had long wanted to build a new building complex in New York City’s Midtown area. He purchased land from Columbia University, with which Rockefeller signed an 87-year lease in 1928. Construction began on May 17, 1930. Initially, it was

Greek-born scientist Georgios Papanicolaou discovered that a simple test could prevent cervical cancer in women, and then eradicate it once identified. The test became known as the Pap test. Scientific research concluded in 1928. Within a few years, the incidence of this type of cancer

An Indian student, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, sails to Cambridge to work with British astronomer Sir Arthur Eddington; he will make a fundamental contribution to the theory of black holes.

new elevator is built in the White Star ocean liner Majestic: the stresses are concentrated on the acute angle of the new opening for the elevator, opening a crack that continues until it accidentally meets a porthole which, thanks to its rounded profile, acts as

Wolfgang Pauli shows how to represent the transformation of electron spins with rotation, through Pauli Matrices, i.e. quaternions, elements of Clifford algebra for the three-dimensional rotation group.

London. John Logie Bard demonstrates the transmission of a television signal via telephone lines between Glasgow and London. The following year, transmission takes place between London and New York. John Logie Bard will also be a pioneer of fiber optics, color TV, and synchronous sound

American HS Black invents the negative feedback amplifier

Albert Einstein pays tribute to Isaac Newton, writing: “His brilliant mind, like no one before or since, has pointed the way for Western thought, research, and technology. But Newton was not only a brilliant inventor of methods: he also displayed a singular mastery of the

10:19 PM (Italian time): Charles Lindbergh lands at Le Bourget in Paris, 33 hours after departing New York.

Stan Lurel Arthur Stanley Jefferson and Oliver Hardy begin a series of 70 films that will end in 1940

SSR Ducati (later Ducati) was founded in Bologna: Ducati Radiobrevetti scientific society for the production of mica capacitors, then cameras and razors, and finally motorcycles.

In the Soviet Union, the CPSU approved a plan to study the creation of an army of ape-men, a cross between humans and monkeys, resistant to pain, adverse weather conditions, and indifferent to the quality of food. Stalin also considered using them in mines and

First television broadcast by John Logie Bard.

German mathematician Kurt Reidemeister explores knot theory in Knoten und Gruppen

Jubilee celebrated by Pius XI

Sun Yat-sen’s death sparks unrest in China

Future British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher is born

The Schutz Staffeln (SS), a special corps of the SA, were formed to defend Hitler.

Adolf Hitler, after his release, refounded the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP).

The first disposable paper handkerchiefs were marketed under the name Kleenex. They were invented by Bert Fourtness of the American company Kimberly Clark, based on the patented Cellucotton material, already used by Kimberly Clark for feminine hygiene products.

The young (12-year-old!) Wernher von Braun performs his first experiment with rockets: 6 large rockets push the wheeled cart on which Wernher sits; his older brother Sigismund helps him with the “project”.

The leading opposition figure in Italy, the socialist Matteotti, is assassinated; one of those responsible is identified as a close collaborator of Mussolini, who has him expelled from the party; due to the murder, the fascist government goes through a serious crisis for the next

Mormon founder assassinated. American Joseph Smith, founder of the Mormon faith, was killed by a hostile mob while in prison in Illinois. In his ‘Book of Mormon,’ Smith had claimed to be the prophet of the last true church, that American Indians were descendants of

Lenin dies; his will is kept secret

United States, wave of violence unleashed in the South by the Ku Klux Klan

Warner Bros. is born

Washington, D.C., United States. President Harding dies of a sudden heart attack. His friend Thomas Alva Edison attends the funeral in Marion, Ohio, and later visits Milan, Ohio, his birthplace.

Guglielmo Marconi joined the National Fascist Party (PNF), the Fascist Party of Milan. Marconi wrote, “out of conviction, not convenience.” His membership was dictated by the search for order and discipline, by faith in the future and progress, by strong nationalism, and by his personal

In Los Angeles, California, the letters HOLLYWOODLAND were erected to advertise a development; in 1945, the last four letters were dismantled.

Weimar Republic in Germany: temporary political and economic stability

Germany pays its war debts by printing money: inflation is enormous and the mark has practically no value.

Washington DC, United States. Firestone launches a call for American rubber independence. The House allocates $500,000, and in early March, President Harding signs the McCormick Bill.

Arthur Compton demonstrates that photons, when encountering charged particles, behave like massless particles.

Vladimir Kosma Zworykin, who grew up in Russia, France and the USA, patented the iconoscope, the first electronic camera, at Westinghouse Electric Corporation.

Russians Ostro Nisleskij and Makimov invent synthetic rubber

Greek-American physician George Papanicolau invents the Pap smear for detecting uterine cancer.

Hermann Oberth, later a member of the American space program, publishes “The Rocket into Planetary Space” in Germany.

In the Soviet Union, the U1, TB1 and other rockets were developed, which would become famous during the Second World War for being launched by the famous Katyushas.

Pius XI (Achille Ratti) is Pope

The Soviet Union (USSR, acronym for Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) was born, consisting of 14 republics

The Russian physicist Aleksandr Fridman (or Friedmann) demonstrates that with the hypothesis of a universe identical in every direction and that it would be so even if observed from another observation point, on the basis of general relativity the universe cannot be static and must

Robert Oppenheimer studied chemistry at Harvard. His mentor was Percy Bridgman.

Nobel Prize in Physics to Niels Bohr

The BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) is established through the merger of six British companies, including the London-based company WTSC (Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company), founded by Guglielmo Marconi.

Türkiye. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk abolishes the sultanate. He will do the same with the caliphate on March 3, 1924.

Benito Mussolini organizes the March on Rome and Vittorio Emanuele charges him with forming the new government

Soviet Central Asia. Enver Pasha, leader of the Muslim revolutionaries known as Basmacci, is captured and killed by the Red Army on the border with Afghanistan.

Alexander Graham Bell dies. Teaching the deaf to speak was his primary goal in life and career. Incidentally, he was also the inventor of the telephone (until the U.S. Congress awarded the invention to Meucci). He also worked for the journal Science, establishing it on