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The Visigoths (Goths) are given the lands of Spain

At the death of Theodosius, the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire, with its capital in Ravenna, and the Eastern Roman Empire, with its capital in Constantinople.

Council of Hippo: At the time of St. Augustine’s establishment, a canon was established for the books that should compose the Bible (46 books for the Old Testament and 27 for the New Testament). The oldest list corresponding to the current canon of the Christian

Death of Saint Geminianus. Death of Saint Zemian. This date is uncertain: 398 seems to be more accurate.

Theodosius settles the Germanic Goths barbarians on the borders of the Empire, enlisting them as federates

The Romans allow the Visigoths to settle within the Empire: in Bulgaria

The Visigoths, put to flight by Germanic tribes who were themselves fleeing from the Huns, reduced to starvation, ask the Romans for permission to cross the Danube to go and live in Roman Thrace: in total they are 200,000 with women and children.

Roman incursion across the Danube forces the Visigoths to make peace and they become allies of the Romans.

A terrible earthquake in Crete triggers a 9m wave that hits the nearby coasts; many cities are destroyed and, in the decline of the Roman Empire, never rebuilt; perhaps further earthquakes, including one in Sicily in the same period, worsen the toll of losses in

Georgia, Caucasus. The city of Tbilisi is founded.

The Alamanni and Franks are defeated repeatedly on the Rhine; the Romans capture the barbarian king, then cross the Rhine and force the invaders to make peace.

Hoxne, Suffolk, England. The Hoxne Pepper Pot is an elaborate silver object that testifies to a dense trade network that pervaded Europe and beyond, all the way to Asia. In 1993, a fabulous collection of precious objects was discovered in Suffolk, buried around 410 AD.

Constantine II, Constans, Constantius II, Magnentius, Julian the Apostate, Jovian, Valentinian I, Valens, Gratian succeed one another as Roman Emperors

The Ecumenical Council, in Nicaea, convened by the Roman Emperor Constantine; the Arian conception was banished and the Principle of the Trinity was established, the four Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John were declared sacred.

The Roman Emperor Constantine introduced the seven-day week with Sunday as the first day; each day was dedicated to a planet (there were seven of them and the Sun and Moon were believed to be planets).

India, Gupta dynasty

End of Coptic Christian civilization in Egypt

Constantine the Great is Roman Emperor

Augustine of Hippo: The world was made with time, not in time; He exists outside of time.

The Maya discover Zero

Mesoamerica, Mayan civilization

The city of Teotihuacan, after an initial authoritarian period until 300 AD, underwent a period of egalitarian rule: all evidence indicates that Teotihuacan had consciously established a system of self-government, without a top-down military, religious, or administrative structure. This was the case with much older

Diocletian divides the Roman Empire: West (capital: Rome) and East (capital: Constantinople / Byzantium)

The Huns rage in Poland, Russia, the Balkans, Central Europe, Greece, Italy, Mongolia, China, India, North Africa

Pappos’s Theorem: With 9 lines and 9 points where the lines intersect, if all but one of the points are the intersection of three lines, then the last point is also the intersection of three lines. (With 10 lines and 10 points, the theorem is

Constantius Chlorus pushes Pitti and Scoti back beyond Antoninus’ wall.

Emperor Maximian carries out a series of successful campaigns against the Germans

Maximian is Roman Emperor (office of Augustus held jointly with Diocletian)

New reference of the Roman calendar: 1st year of the Era of Diocletian or of the Martyrs (previously the calendar referred to 753 BC: foundation of Rome) still in use among the Copts of Upper Egypt

Diocletian is Roman Emperor (office of Augustus held jointly with Maximian)

The Goths are stopped by Emperor Claudius II at Nisch, but occupy Dacia

Epic of Zenobia, in the eastern part of the Roman Empire, who aims for central power, failing, but laying the foundations for the division of the Empire into two parts to better manage it and defend it from growing external threats.

Roman Empire: barbarian invasions on the Rhine and the Danube, while on the Euphrates Persia breaks the balance between the two empires and (temporarily) takes Palmyra.

Maximinus Thrax, Gordian I and II, Pupienus, Balbinus, Gordian III, Philip the Arab, Decius, Trebonianus Gallus, Aemilianus, Valerian succeed one another as Roman Emperors

Alexander Severus is Roman Emperor

Emperor Caracalla is assassinated while urinating at the side of a road in Mesopotamia, during the Parthian War campaign.

Gaul is invaded by the Alamanni

Edict of Caracalla: Roman citizenship granted to all non-slave inhabitants of the Empire. Centrifugal forces and the success of Romanization.

Geta, Macrinus, and Elagabalus succeed one another as Roman Emperors

Invasions of the British Isles by the Angles, from the East, and the Saxons, from the South

Ctesibius in Alexandria under Ptolemy II the Philadelphian, invented the suction and pressure pump, the hydraulic organ, various forms of catapult, the water clock

species of considerable importance in global citrus cultivation, the lemon (Citrus limon L.) is native to India. According to some archaeological finds, it was present in Italy as early as the 2nd century AD, but its cultivation began around 1100-1200 AD with the Arabs, who

The 4 gospels are united

Marcus Aurelius is Roman Emperor

Judea and Galilee, present-day Israel. The last survivors of the civil war between Jews and Romans die. The relationship between these two opposing worldviews was doomed from the beginning. In the end, Rome prevailed, but at a heavy cost: over the course of several centuries,

Jerusalem. Hadrian decides to rebuild the city as Aelia Capitolina, and to rebuild the Temple, to be dedicated to Jupiter.

Simon Bar Cohba, the anti-Roman warrior messiah in Israel, annihilates an entire Roman legion and defeats them throughout Judea, thus forming a Jewish state independent of Rome; the cult of Simon Bar Cohba, like that of Apollonius of Tyana before him, will rival that of

Construction of Hadrian’s Wall in Britain

Bubonic plague epidemics in Italy

Near East. All the revolts of the Jewish diaspora are now crushed by the Romans.

Roman Empire. The province of Arabia or Arabia Petrea (from Petra in Jordan) is established, which also includes Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq.

Chinese Tsai Lun makes a kind of paper from mulberry and bamboo fibers

The Hermapollon (we know this thanks to a papyrus with the loan agreement) returned to Alexandria, Egypt, with its precious cargo, stowed in Mauziris, in southern India: 167 elephant tusks (3.5 tons) and 600 kg of broken tusks, 80 containers of nard (a few tons),

Mexico. A ball game, it involves wearing a heavy stone belt, perhaps during the preparatory stages of the game, a belt weighing about 50 kg. The ball is made of natural rubber. These objects impressed the Spanish conquistadors with their incredible ability to bounce everywhere.

Trajan invades and conquers Dacia, now Romania.

Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus 87-150 AD): planetary motion with off-center circles

There are approximately 30 gospels in circulation that tell of Jesus Christ; in addition to the gospels of Mark, Matthew, Luke, and John, which were later canonized, there are those of the Truth, Philip, Mary Magdalene, Judas, and Thomas; in the Gospel of Judas, Jesus

John the Apostle completes his Gospel; the Gospel that has come down to us is actually an anonymous work, probably written posthumously.

The Acts of the Apostles are written

Africa. Roman exploratory mission (Matiernus) through Libya and Chad to Cameroon.

Inchunthil, Scotland. The Romans retreated and did everything possible to leave the Celts with nothing of use, especially metal objects. They also burned the fort, and from the ash they removed the nails and staples used for axes. Everything, including non-transportable weapons and armor, and

St. Clement I, Roman, martyr, and Pope

Britain. Caledonian territories (Scotland). Roman governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola heavily defeats the Caledonians, then retreats to his own borders. He also circumnavigates Scotland to establish with certainty that Britain was indeed an island.

Vesuvius erupts, destroying Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Stabiae: 16,000 dead

Rhodes also falls under Roman rule, the last of the Greek islands

9th of the month of Av (Tisha b’Av ט׳ באב). Jerusalem. The fire devours the wooden parts of the temple and around it, for a whole day.

Jerusalem. The Romans complete the construction of two siege towers. Titus advances them against the western exedra of the Temple. But the massive walls resist the battering rams. The Romans then attempt to use ladders. Many manage to reach the roof, and, for added motivation,

Jerusalem. The Romans built four earthworks at the base of the temple, on which they placed their siege works. Battering rams, protected by legionaries arranged in a testudo formation, began to pound the wall. At a certain point, the weakened wall collapsed on its own,

Jerusalem, besieged by the Romans, is internally divided into three factions: 10,000 fighters with Simon bar Giora, 6,000 Zealots with John of Giscala, and 2,400 with Eleazar. Titus’s Romans have four legions, with the arrival of the XII Fulminata, joining the V Macedonica, X Fretensis,

Jerusalem. The Zealots request the aid of the Idumeans, who assemble 20,000 armed men under the command of John, James son of Sosha, Simon son of Tacea, and Phineas son of Clusot. Thus, once the Idumeans arrive, the Zealots find themselves besieged by the people

St. Linus of Volterra, martyr, is Pope

Gnostic Christianity is in the minority in the Roman Empire, but still has a large following.

The Romans invented glass mirrors (previously they were just smooth metal surfaces). Adding glass to a sheet of metal protected the metal from corrosion and scratches while also minimizing its thickness.

The Romans invented glass windows

Pliny wrote Naturalis historia, a 37-volume treatise; later, Plutarch completed the foundations of Roman scientific and literary culture.

Judea. When the First Jewish-Roman War broke out in Judea, Gallus decided to march there with his troops, which included the Legio XII Fulminata; he conquered Beit She’arim, seat of the Sanhedrin (the supreme Jewish political-religious court), but was unable to retake Jerusalem. During a

The passage of a bright comet. The Romans linked it to the death of Octavia, Nero’s wife.

Martyrdom of James the Lesser

Britain. The Romans annex the Iceni territory in East Anglia after the death of their king Prasutagus. This sparks a revolt led by his widow, Boudicca, which spreads across much of southeastern Britain. Camulodunum (Colchester), Londinum (London), and Verulamium (St. Albans) are burned. Boudicca is

The queen of the Celts (Belgians), Voadicea (Boadicca), leads the last Celtic revolt against the Romans in England; after the defeat she commits suicide.