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India. The first Christians, mostly from Syria, arrived in India with St. Thomas. Groups of Jews arrived in India after the diaspora in 70 AD. The Christian community that settled there during these years has survived to this day. The Syro-Marabrese Church was recognized as

Hero of Alexandria built an aeolipile machine. It consisted of a hollow sphere filled with water and two pipes emerging at perpendicular angles. If the sphere was heated until the water boiled, the escaping steam caused the sphere to rotate. About a century earlier, the

Africa. Roman exploratory mission (Flaccus) through Libya and Niger, as far as Chad and Nigeria.

Buddhism arrives in China

Emperor Claudius adopts Nero, son of his second wife Agrippina, to the detriment of Britannicus, son of his with Messalina.

Claudius conquers southern Britain and founds Londinum (London – London)

Emperor Claudius legalizes flatulence at Roman banquets

Claudius is Roman Emperor

Death of James, the eldest

Luke the Evangelist Converts to Christianity

Alexandria, Egypt. The first historically attested massacre of a Jewish community in the diaspora. The causes appear to have been political, rather than religious.

Caligula is Roman Emperor

St. Peter is the first Pope

King Philip of Herod of Palestine dies and the territory passes under the direct control of Rome

(Roger Bacon’s 13th-century date based on astronomical calculations.) Jesus Christ (Yeoshua ben Yosef) is crucified near Jerusalem (the exact year is unknown, but it is certainly between 26 and 36, when Pontius Pilate was procurator of Judea).

Martyrdom of Stephen

Palmyra, present-day Syria. The city was part of the Roman Empire, but not under the “metropolitan” state of Cologne. Of the monuments that survived until the 21st century (and were then partially or totally destroyed by ISIS), only the temple remained. The other monuments (the

(Date of the Church of Alexandria and later Byzantine). Jesus Christ (Yeoshua ben Yosef) is crucified near Jerusalem (the exact year is unknown, but it is certainly between 26 and 36, when Pontius Pilate was procurator of Judea).

(Tertullian’s date – 3rd century). Jesus Christ (Yeoshua ben Yosef) is crucified near Jerusalem (the exact year is unknown, but it is certainly between 26 and 36, when Pontius Pilate was procurator of Judea).

The cult of John the Baptist, the Messiah who was in some ways a rival to Jesus Christ, reaches its peak; John the Baptist will be executed by King Herod, who considered him a threat given his popularity in the Roman Empire; at that point,

12 apostles: Peter, Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Thomas, Matthew, James the son of Alphaeus, Thaddeus, Simon the Zealot, Judas Iscariot, and the thirteenth: the apostle Paul

(Date of the Church of Rome). Jesus Christ (Yeoshua ben Yosef) is crucified near Jerusalem (the exact year is unknown, but it is certainly between 26 and 36, when Pontius Pilate was procurator of Judea).

Ministry of John the Baptist; beginning of the public life of Jesus (Yeoshua ben Yosef)

Eurasia. Grains, originally grown only in the Fertile Crescent, are now cultivated from the Atlantic coast of Europe to the Pacific coast of Japan, a distance of 14,000 kilometers—the greatest uninterrupted east-west distance (required for uniform climatic conditions) on the entire planet.

Roman Empire money was accepted for commercial transactions as far away as India, where it was even meticulously imitated, with coins minted featuring the portrait of the Roman Emperor.

The Indo-Iranian religion, that is the cult of Mithra, spreads in the Roman Empire, which sets the celebration of the winter solstice on December 25th, considered the birth of Mithra-Sun, which later became the Christmas of Christ for Christians.

Birth of Christ according to tradition. Although most Christians celebrate the birth of Jesus on December 25th, during the first two centuries of Christianity, there was no precise information regarding the day or year of his birth, and most interest was focused on his death.

The first windows with transparent glass were found in the Roman Empire.

The city of Teotihuacan in Mexico begins its urban growth. Entire populations cross the Puebla Valley and the Basin of Mexico to escape the effects of seismic activity on its southern borders, including a Plinian eruption of the Popocatepetl volcano. Some of the abandoned villages

Rome falls, end of a glorious era:Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, Commodus, Diocletian divides the Roman Empire, Edict of Thessalonica: Christianity is the official religion of the Roman Empire

Meroe, Sudan. A bronze bust of Augustus is captured by warriors from the kingdom of Meroe, belonging to the one-eyed Queen Candace. Augustus Caesar is the emperor who rules the Roman Empire during the time of Jesus Christ’s birth. Queen Candace has the bust of

The Roman Empire under Augustus extended from Gibraltar and Spain to the Rhine, Bavaria, Austria, the Danube, Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, North Africa

Egypt becomes a Roman province

The Roman Senate declares Mark Antony an enemy of Rome and strips him of all his offices.

Major invasion of Parthian Mesopotamia by the Romans under Antony from Armenia; the expedition, however, ends in complete disaster.

Israel. With the help of the Romans, who elected him king of Judea, Herod reclaims the country. He thus finds himself controlling a vast territory and rebuilds the Temple in Jerusalem.

Herod’s reign in Judea and Galilee.

Modena, destroyed a few years earlier by Spartacus, was rebuilt and praised by Cicero in 44 BC: “a very strong, beautiful, most faithful, and most flourishing colony.” And in 39 BC, Publius Virgil wrote of the local grape variety: Lambrusca, and also mentioned pork.

Ides of March: Conspiracy and assassination of Julius Caesar by a group led by Brutus and Cassius; Mark Antony and Octavian force the conspirators to flee.

annus confusionis: 445 days. Caesar moved the New Year from the spring equinox to January 1st, introduced leap years, and 12 months of alternating 30-31 days (with February of 29-30 days).

Caesar had Cleopatra’s fleet set on fire, the Library of Alexandria, overlooking the port, also caught fire: hundreds of thousands of unique texts (or almost) were destroyed.

The Julian calendar is born

Vercingetorix gathers 250,000 Celts (mostly Gauls) to fight the decisive battle against Caesar’s Romans in the North-East of France, at Alesia, but the Roman military supremacy imposes itself: Caesar has two rings of walls built, one, internal, to besiege Vercingetorix and the civilians of the

Caesar is impressed by chicken fighting in Britain

Julius Caesar raids the southern part of Britain

Modena. Spartacus also arrives in Modena, and at the head of his gladiators, he faces ten thousand Roman legionaries, defeats them, lays waste to the castrum, and leaves the city destroyed. It will be rebuilt in a few years and praised by Cicero in 44

A mechanical calculator of the positions of the stars, moon, and sun sinks on a ship in Antikythera, Greece.

India. The Buddhist text Milindapanha is written in the Pali language. It contains some profound philosophical insights into our nature and the nature of time: we are processes, events, limited in space and time.

The game of chess was already known in China, and soon after it was found in India as well.

The Moche civilization flourished in Peru (near Lake Titichacha). It then collapsed suddenly around 600 AD, likely due to a sudden climate change: several decades of heavy rainfall, followed by a period of famine that destroyed the delicate ecosystem. They left behind statuettes and artifacts,

Ohio, North America. The “Hopewell Interaction Sphere” flourishes, a network of communities centered on Paint Creek in Ohio. They leave behind for posterity crystal, mica, and obsidian arrowheads from the Appalachians, copper and silver from the Great Lakes, shells and shark teeth from the Gulf

The Cimbri, a population of Celtic origins from Denmark and southern Sweden, were exterminated in an open battle by the Romans; the survivors committed suicide; the Cimbri had roamed the Empire for 19 years.

Vietnam is under the more or less direct rule of China.

The Romans are in Spain, southern France, Greece, Türkiye

Numantia, now central Spain. The Roman army of Tarraconensis was entrusted, in 134 BC, to Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, nephew of the hero of the Second Punic War who conquered Carthage and himself a general in the Third Punic War. After sacking the country of

Fierce political struggles shake the Roman Senate and the foundations of the Republic

After 50 years of Roman incursions, mainland Greece becomes part of the Roman Empire.

Destruction of Carthage and Corinth by the Romans

Third Punic War which ends with the destruction of Carthage

Numantia, now central Spain. In 153 BC, a Numantine army, led by a certain Segeda Carus, managed to defeat a Roman army of 30,000 men, led by the consul Quintus Fulvius Nobilior. After twenty years of uninterrupted warfare between the Arevaci, supported by the other

Israel. Maccabean Revolt.

Israel. Antiochus IV Epiphanes ascends the throne, promoting a decisive policy of Hellenization of the Jewish people and Jerusalem.

Modena becomes a colony, the Gallic language is abandoned and Latin is spoken. A colony becomes mutina la dveinta ‘na. Al ladein as taca a descàrer insàm a la lèngua di Gâl

Modena. Construction of the city walls is completed.

Modena. Decisive and final battle between Gauls and Romans. Consul Cornelius Merula achieves victory and captures all the Gaulish warriors. The Gaulish Boii had previously driven out the Etruscans and now must cede their lands to the Romans, who will turn Mutina into an important

El-Rashid, Egypt. For the first anniversary of the coronation of Ptolemy V, the Rosetta Stone is made. It is an edict to Egyptian priests, declaring that Ptolemy, a teenager at the time, has become a living god. Then in 1798 AD, Napoleon seizes it, but

Africa. Bantu peoples from Nigeria and Cameroon spread to the coasts of the Indian Ocean in 200 BC. They reached South Africa by 500 AD.

Second Macedonian War: Philip V, defeated by the Romans, renounces Greece

Roman hegemony extends to the Po Valley and Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily

The Roman general Scipio defeats Hannibal at Zama

Beginning of Roman incursions into Greece

First Macedonian War between Macedonians and Romans

Battle of Cannae. Speaking of this battle, Cicero, derisively mocking horoscopes, wondered if all 60,000 fallen Roman soldiers (of a total of 80,000) were born under the same zodiac sign, since they certainly met the same fate… The Battle of Cannae on August 2, 216

Modena. The Celts (or Gauls) rebel against the Romans before the arrival of Hannibal (with whom they had agreed). The army of the Roman general Lucius Manlius arrives, but is late because it gets lost in the woods and emerges at Parma instead of Modena.

The first official Chinese delegation (embassy) to the West. This was the diplomatic mission to Mithridates II, King of the Parthians, in Babylon (now Iraq).

Qin Shi Huangdi, the first emperor of a unified China, reigned in China; his tomb in Xi’an, with its 7,000 terracotta warriors, was discovered in 1974.

China, Qin Dynasty. Construction of the main core of the Great Wall.

From the birth of China as a unitary state until the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1912, China has been an example of remarkable durability in the Far East for more than 20 centuries.

Chinese unification as a single kingdom under the Qin dynasty (pronounced “chin,” hence the name “China”). In the West, another name that would become popular was Seres, the homeland of silk, and Cathay, as Marco Polo called it.

Diophantus of Alexandria wrote the Arithmetica, a treatise composed of 13 books of which only 6 have survived to this day and inspired Renaissance mathematicians such as Pierre de Fermat.