FQ

Kurt Gödel’s Theorem: “In all mathematics there are statements that cannot be proved true” was published as On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems; mathematician John Von Neumann, who was giving a series of lectures in America, canceled the remainder of the

In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the gigantic statue of Christ the Redeemer is inaugurated on Corcovado

AT&T makes the first field applications of the invention of the American H.S. Black: the negative feedback amplifier.

On Nikola Tesla’s 75th birthday, congratulatory telegrams poured in from around the world, prompted by his enthusiastic supporter, Swezey. Among others, they included Arthur Compton, Lee De Forrest, and Albert Einstein.

German engineer Ernst Ruska invents the electron microscope

American engineer Vannevar Bush, a professor at MIT, builds the first electromechanical analog computer: the Differential Analyzer. It consists of six disks and integrating wheels, turned by electric motors. It can solve equations with up to 18 variables.

American Wallace Hume Carothers directs the first industrial rubber factory

The German Lorenz invented the cycloidal reducer mechanism for the diaphragm of cameras, later also used for reducers for electric motors

Los Angeles. A plane carrying a famous football coach crashes. The plane has a wooden frame. From this point on, American commercial and military aircraft begin to be made entirely of aluminum.

Las Vegas begins to prosper with the construction of the nearby Hoover Dam on the Colorado River. Gambling is legalized that same year. From then on, Las Vegas’ population will more than double every decade, reaching over 2 million people by the beginning of the

The Swiss Auguste Picard and Paul Kipfer reached an altitude of 15,781 m with their balloon.

In the USSR there are 16 concentration camps, including Uvitil, Solovki, Karaganda, and Temniki (Potma). They house approximately 2 million people.

Birkhoff develops Chaos Theory

United States. Milton Stanley Livingstone turns on and puts the first cyclotron into operation. It’s only 11 cm long, built with an investment of just a few dozen dollars, operates at an alternating voltage of 1800 V, and can accelerate protons up to 80 keV.

In one of the many about-faces typical of the Soviet regime, the NKVD (later KGB) had Ilia Ivanoc arrested, head of the government program for the creation of an army of ape-men. Ivanov served 5 years in the gulag and died in detention in Kazakhstan

Enrico Fermi visits the United States for the first time and is fascinated by it

Hugh Everett, creator of the “Many World Interpretation” in Quantum Mechanics, is born in Washington, DC.

San Lazzaro Asylum in Reggio Emilia: construction of the Morselli Pavilion for women’s observation, while two years later the Buccola Pavilion for female workers will be inaugurated.

First solid-state diodes made of copper oxide and then selenium

Leonarda Cianciulli, known as the soap maker of Correggio, moved to Correggio with her husband. She was indicted for killing and then dissolving at least three people in caustic soda: Faustina Setti, Francesca Soavi, and Virginia Cacioppo, to make soap and sweets (with blood). The

John Clarence “Doc” Karcher and Eugene McDermott found Geophysical Service (later renamed Texas Instruments) and search for oil using seismology

1930s: Sasib (Societa’ Anonima Scipione Innocenti) was founded in Bologna for the production of cigarette packaging machines.

Englishman Frank Whittle designs the first jet engine

Winston Churchill leaves for North America. He arrives in Quebec, then continues on to Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, Seattle, California, Chicago, New York, and Washington, D.C., from where he visits sites of the American Civil War. In October, he witnesses the Great Crash of American and

Soviet Union. GULag system. The “river” of millions of Muzhik kulaks (15 million according to Solzhenitsyn) is brought to the gulag. And they are absorbed into the eternal ice, without complaints, reports, or accounts. No trace of them remains, not even in Russian culture. “And

Russia. Varlam Shalamov is transferred from the Directorate of Special Regime Camps to the Solovki Islands in the White Sea.

Robert J. Oppenheimer works in Berkeley and alternates periods of relaxation at his Perro Caliente (Hot Dog) ranch in New Mexico, near the Sangre de Cristo mountain range.

Australia. Thirty-one Aboriginal people were shot and killed in Alice Springs.

Von Neumann introduces the extended form (graphs) of Game Theory

Soviet Union: First Five-Year Plan

Hermann Oberth is a consultant in Germany for a science fiction film called The Girl in the Moon; in the film, among other things, the countdown is invented, and a small rocket is built; one of the boys (18 years old) who participates in this

C.J. Davisson and L.H. Germer demonstrate the close relationship between wavenumber and momentum (i.e. between frequency and energy) with experiments on the deflection of electron beams incident on crystal lattices of various nature.

Jordan and Pauli provide a mathematical scheme to describe the free motion of photons according to a quantized version of Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism.

At the Fifth Physicists’ Conference in Solvay, a debate takes place between Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger on one side and Albert Einstein on the other. That evening, in Brussels, the incredible quantum physicists’ dinner is held, a gala dinner hosted by the Belgian royals.

Fifth Solvay Physicists Conference: The title “Electrons & Photons” shows how electrons and photons are now treated on the same level

Johnny von Neumann, having completed his Rockefeller Foundation scholarship, obtained a job at the University of Berlin. The job did not provide him with a direct salary, but only the opportunity to give paid lectures and conferences. But it did provide him access to Berlin’s

Nobel Prize in Physics to Arthur Compton

Lev Trotsky (Лев Троцкий), pseudonym of Lev Davidovič Bronštejn (Лев Давидович Бронштейн) is expelled from the Politburo

Great Britain. Half a million workers go on general strike. The Conservative government sends in the army. A period of industrial hardship begins that will last half a century in Britain.

Robert Goddard launches the first liquid-fueled rocket

Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan, is renamed Frunze by Stalin, a name it retains until 1991, when it reverts to Bishkek. Mikhail Frunze, an early Bolshevik revolutionary and a contender for power after Lenin’s death in 1924, died mysteriously in 1924 during a stomach operation

Jordan, Heisemberg, Dirac, and Pauli develop Quantum Electrodynamics (QED)

Paul Dirac, based on the Pauli Exclusion Principle, proposed that the vacuum itself is saturated with particles occupying all possible negative-energy states; in practice, the vacuum is a huge inert atom that prevents (excludes) electrons from falling into increasingly negative-energy states (a solution possible with

Erwin Schrodinger develops the formula that will take his name

English mathematician Harold Jeffreys confirms the hypothesis of Irish geologist R.D. Oldham, who years earlier had observed that shock waves from an earthquake in Guatemala had penetrated the planet to a certain depth, then bounced back to the surface. Jeffreys confirms that the measurements are

Klein demonstrates that the fifth dimension (fourth spatial dimension) must be 10-35 m, or the Planck length. In 1919, Kaluza, introducing a fifth dimension, described light as a disturbance in this fifth dimension. Kaluza thus found the first clue to transforming wood into marble. The

Schrodinger introduces the equation that bears his name, perhaps the most important in all of mathematical physics.

At Villa Hernig, in the mountains, Schrödinger develops quantum wave mechanics. At the villa, in the Swiss Alps, Schrödinger is not with his wife, but with one of his many lovers.

Robert J. Oppenheimer, suffering from recurring bouts of depression and schizophrenia, commits an incredible act: he poisons an apple and leaves it on his tutor Patrick Blackett’s desk at the Cavendish Labs in Cambridge, England. The incident is hushed up by the intervention of Robert’s

Erwin Schroedinger secures a professorship at the University of Zurich at the age of 37.

In 1925, after the crash of one of their airplanes in 1921 that killed one of the brothers, Giocondo, the Jacuzzi brothers abandoned the aeronautical industry. Rachele Jacuzzi turned to the market for agricultural submersible pumps.

George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit conclude that the electron must possess the quantum mechanical property of spin with two possible states

Wolfgang Pauli: Exclusion Principle

Bell Labs (Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.) is founded in New York, responsible for countless scientific and technological discoveries of the 20th century.

AT&T’s Long Lines Department offers fax service between New York, Chicago, and San Francisco.

Mussolini assumes full powers and dismisses Parliament

Mongolia becomes the world’s second communist country; Ulaanbaatar, the capital, means “Red Hero.”

USSR, Stalin consolidates his personal position, opposing Trotsky, who will then be exiled (1929)

United States. The Johnson-Reed Act limited the percentage of Jews who could immigrate to the United States to 2%. This drastically reduced the number of Jews arriving (1.1 million had arrived and settled in New York between 1881 and 1910). The Johnson-Reed Act remained in

Louis De Broglie, a young doctoral student at the Sorbonne in Paris, proposed, in a doctoral thesis of just three pages, that it should be possible to observe diffraction and interference in the wave motion of free electrons, just as they can be observed in

Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein predict that at extremely low temperatures atoms must condense into a single quantum state (later called the Bose-Einstein state)

At a seminar given by Erwin Schrodinger, on the thesis of the wave nature of electrons, a member of the audience observes that if electrons behave like waves they must have an equation that describes them; Erwin Schrodinger is inspired to develop the Wave Function

Several Rocket Societies are being formed in Russia in the wake of enthusiasm for space exploration.

The Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company becomes International Business Machines; Thomas J. Watson, president of the company, succeeds founder Herman Hollerith.

Australian Raymond Dart of the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg receives the first complete skull of an Australopithecus africanus.

Marketing of Kleenex tissues

Thanks to the Anglo-Nepalese Treaty of Friendship, Nepal ceased to be a British protectorate and gained independence.

Guglielmo Marconi is acquitted of charges related to the 1921 bankruptcy of the Banca Italiana di Sconto, of which he was president. However, his assets had previously been frozen, and Marconi is left bitter. He decides to sail with his yacht, Elettra, to Canada and

Hubble finds Cepheids (variable stars) in Andromeda and is thus able to determine that it is located a million light years away, therefore outside our galaxy and three times further away than the size of the universe as estimated up to that point.

Nobel Prize in Physics to Robert Millikan

Prime Minister Bonomi resigns;

Tutankhamun’s tomb is discovered in the Valley of the Kings, behind the Temple of Hatshepsut, on the western bank of the Nile, opposite Luxor (Thebes)

India. Mohenjo-daro, a flourishing city in the Indus Valley, destroyed around 1900 BC and flourishing for centuries in the previous millennium, was unearthed by a British archaeological mission in 1922. No previous Indian civilization had ever noticed this evidence. Or more likely, it had never

Poland. The Bolsheviks sign peace with the Poles.

Cairo Conference. Churchill is present, accompanied by his wife. He will then return to London, via Naples, after passing through Palestine. Among the many attendees at the conference is the famous Lawrence of Arabia. However, there are no Arabs in their characteristic long robes. Churchill

Winston Churchill is assigned to the Colonial Office. His task is to redistribute the territories of the Ottoman Empire: he must redraw the borders of the Middle East.

Harding is president of the United States

Viennese philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein publishes Tractato Logico-Philosophicus. It is very short and cryptic. The first paragraph simply states, “The world is everything that happens,” and the last paragraph says, “Whereof one cannot speak, one must remain silent.”

Hungary passed the first anti-Semitic law in postwar Europe: Law XXV, which established a university quota and significantly reduced the number of Jews eligible for academic education. Jews were considered a separate nationality (even though they were not yet). Although they were not directly mentioned

Bloody Sunday in Dublin between Irish nationalists and English soldiers