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Traditional date for the foundation of Carthage.

Egypt: XXIII Dynasty (Bubastite-Libyan): Petubasti (818-793), Osorkon IV (787-757), Takelot III (764-757), Rudamon (757-754), Osorkon V (730)

Irresistible rise of the Assyrians and their territorial expansion.

The Scythian people were a flourishing civilization that prospered from Central Asia to the Black Sea to Eastern and Central Europe; they had contacts with the Greeks and purchased and manufactured numerous gold objects.

Reign of Solomon, son of David: The Jewish kingdom reaches its cultural, political, and economic peak; the Temple of Jerusalem is built. Thanks to the presence of the Ark (conjecture), it was to serve as the national sanctuary of all Israel.

Beginning of the Olmec (Amerindians) civilization in Mexico (followed by the Maya, Toltecs, and Aztecs)

China. Domestication of fruit trees, which require the elaborate technique of grafting, such as apple, pear, plum, and cherry trees. This requires elaborate, lengthy, and deliberate pseudo-scientific experimentation.

Andes and Mesoamerica (present-day Mexico). First evidence of organization into chiefdoms rather than bands. These were groups of villages that accepted the authority of a single powerful man. It was generally an intermediate stage between tribe and kingdom. In Mesopotamia, this stage occurred 4,500 years

Writing was also invented in Central America, independently of Eurasia.

David, Saul’s successor, unites the kingdoms of Judah and Israel. He is thus acclaimed King of Israel in 1010 BC. The era of the tribes of Israel ends, and a unified kingdom is established, with its capital in Jerusalem.

Egypt: XXI Dynasty (Tanite): Smendes (1078-1043), Psusennes I (1043-997), Amenemnesu (997-993), Amenemope (993-984), Osorkon I (984-978), Slamon (978-959), Psusennes II (959-945)

Egypt: The Third Intermediate Period

In Puerto Escondido in Central America, cocoa-based beverages (Theobroma cacao) were already being consumed; John Henderson discovered this in 2007 by examining pottery from the period using gas chromatography, chromatography and mass spectrometry. It is a low-alcohol product derived from the fermentation of the fruit’s

Egypt: XX Dynasty: Setnakhte (1184-1182), Ramesses III (1182-1151), Ramesses IV (1151-1145), Ramesses V (1145-1141), Ramesses VI (1141-1134), Ramesses VII (1134-1128), Ramesses VIII (1127), Ramesses IX (1126-1108), Ramesses X (i 108-1106), Ramesses XI (1105-1078)

Traditional date of the destruction of Troy.

Thanks to the technology of three-hulled canoes, the islands of Polynesia and Micronesia in the Pacific Ocean were reached and populated by the Austronesians, first coming from the island of Formosa, now Taiwan (3500 BC), then gradually moving to the Philippines, then Borneo, then the

Writing was also invented in China, perhaps an idea copied from the Sumerians.

China. The earliest identified royal dynasty: the Shang rulers.

Egypt. Pharaoh Merenpath lists his military victories in several monumental inscriptions, on a wall at Karnak, and on various stelae. One of these, the Merenpath Stele, contains the first known mention of the “people of Israel.”

Battle of Tollense, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, present-day Germany. At least 4,000 warriors fought in this ancient battle. Given that the population density at the time was about five people per square kilometer, this would have been the most significant Bronze Age battle in Central Europe known to

Battle of Kadesh, in Syria north of Damascus, between the Egyptian army of Ramesses II and the Hittites; the Egyptians extend their dominion up to the Euphrates, in present-day southeastern Turkey

The Jewish people wrote the first books that would make up the Old Testament of the Bible.

Presumed period to which the events of the Iliad refer and presumed beginning of the oral transmission of history

The Polynesian Lapita civilization of the Pacific Ocean, masters of boat building, stargazing, and nautical charting, explored much of the Pacific Ocean, sailing from island to island, even reaching as far as Tonga, 6,000 kilometers away. This was just one of many waves of exploration

Upon Tutankhamun’s death, almonds were placed in his tomb to nourish him after his earthly life. Almonds had been domesticated by 8000 BC in Greece and by 3000 BC in the rest of the eastern Mediterranean.

Death of the Egyptian ruler Tutankhamen.

The Chinese use decimals

Battle of Megiddo, Israel between Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, which sees the victory of Thutmose III

First rudimentary printing press in China: characters engraved on metal seals

The Hindu text Rigveda (ऋग्वेद), the first religious-spiritual-philosophical text, is compiled.

Native to Central Asia, garlic (Allium sativum) has been known since ancient times for its healing properties: in Egypt, the Ebers Papyrus, dating back to 1550 BC, lists 22 therapeutic uses for garlic; finally, in the Book of Exodus, it is mentioned as “the most

Egypt: The New Kingdom

Poverty Point, Louisiana, North America. Native Americans build massive earthworks that testify to the existence of an advanced civilization on the lower Mississippi River, capable of long-distance trade, given the discovery of metal artifacts in an area devoid of metal deposits. There is a monumental

The Egyptian blacksmiths of the emperor Antef V, XVII dynasty, devised an effective lock, laboriously made by hand and opened by keys one meter long.

Egypt. First documented smallpox epidemic. Evidence found on an Egyptian mummy. The disease likely originated in livestock, such as cows. It will wreak havoc first in Eurasia, and then, much later, be transported by Europeans to America and Oceania.

Central and South America. First balls made of vegetable rubber. When Christopher Columbus first saw them on the island of Hispaniola in 1492 AD, he judged them to be much superior to the air-filled ones used in Spain for ball games. Columbus brought back samples

Permanent settlements in the Modena area: the “terramare”, 150,000-200,000 people living in thousands of stilt houses spread across a vast territory from Modena to Verona.

Egypt: XV Dynasty (Hyksos): Khyan, Apopi (1585-1545),

The Phoenicians use an alphabet of 22 letters, all consonants

Hammurabi’s law code in Babylon, Mesopotamia

Egypt: The Middle Kingdom

Aryan populations (perhaps originating from the Baltic regions) begin to settle in India

Positional numbering in Mesopotamia

Maximum splendor of the Minoan civilization in Crete

The 14 generations after the Deportation to Babylon: Jeconiah, Salathrel, Zerubbabel, Abiud, Eliakim, Azor, Zadok, Achim, Eliud, Eleazar, Mattau, Jacob, Joseph-Mary, Jesus.

Jacob became the father of 12 sons (the twelve patriarchs): his wife Leah gave birth to Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun; his wife Rachel gave birth to Joseph and Benjamin; Bilhah, Rachel’s servant, gave birth to Dan and Naphtali; Zilpah, Leah’s servant, gave

Abraham, born in Ur of the Chaldeans, son of Terah, who is the son of Shem, who is the son of Noah; Abraham goes up the Euphrates and goes to Haran and Urpha in Anatolia and then to Hebron, Mecca, Egypt; when Abraham is 99

After the flood, children were born to Noah’s sons:

Noah lived 500 years and fathered Shem, Ham, Japheth.

At 182 years old, Lamech fathered Noah; Lamech lived another 595 years and fathered other sons and daughters.

At 187 years old, Methuselah fathered Lamech; Methuselah lived another 782 years and fathered other sons and daughters.

At 65, Enoch fathered Methuselah; Enoch lived another 300 years and fathered other sons and daughters.

At 90 years old, Enos fathered Kenan; Enos lived another 815 years and fathered other sons and daughters.

Egypt: IX-X Dynasty

Egypt: The First Intermediate Period: 7th-8th Dynasty

First Chinese Dynasty (Xia Dynasty)

The city of Nabada is suddenly abandoned

Comet Hale-Bopp passes close to Earth. It will pass again in 1997 AD (I saw it), then in 4385 AD. In 2215 BC, its passage may have been noted and recorded by the Egyptians in the Pepi Pyramid at Saqqara, built during that period. It

Beginning of civilization in Greece

Domestication of bees in Egypt

First enamelled objects.

First use of metals

First evidence of the existence of the game of dice

Beginning of civilization in India (Harappan culture)

Glass objects spread rapidly in Egypt and Mesopotamia.

First glass objects in Babylon

Genetic evidence (a study published in “Science”) shows that all Iberian hunter-gatherer males were replaced around 2500 BC by immigrants from Central Europe and the Russian steppes. This is the result of a genetic analysis conducted on hundreds of individuals spanning 8,000 years of Iberian

The Sumerian kings use cuneiform extensively to issue decrees, and the priests to record oracles, and the less exalted people to write personal letters… At the same period hieroglyphics in Egypt are used for the same purpose.

Mesopotamia. The first coin is minted, actually an 8.33-gram piece of silver, thus the first money without intrinsic value (the barley used as payment by the Sumerians for five centuries is edible, but silver is not).

The Chinese introduce the abacus, which will be used in China until the 1982 census (AD)

China. According to legend, Princess Hsi-ling-shih, concubine of Emperor Huang-ti, discovered that she could spin a thin, delicate silk thread from the cocoon of an insect that had fallen into her tea. This silk thread is the small gray larva of the Bombyx mori moth,

Egypt: V Dynasty: Userkaf (2510-2500), Sahura (2500-2490), Neferirkara (2490-2480), Sheiseskara (2480-2470), Neferefra (2470-2460), Niuserra (2460-2430), Menkaumor (2430-2420), Djedkara (2420-2380), Unis (2380-2350), Egypt: VI Dynasty: Thetis (2350-2320), Userkara, Pepy I (2320-2300), Merenra I (2300-2293), Pepy II (2293-2200), Merenra II (2200), Nitocris (2200-2195)

Egypt: IV Dynasty: Snofru (2630-2606), Cheops (2606-2583), Didufri (2583-2575), Chephren (2575-?), Menkaure (2535-2517), Shepseskaf (?-510)

Egypt: The Old Kingdom: III Dynasty: Sanakht (nebka?) (2700-2680), Djoser (2680-2650), Sekhemkhet (2650-2640), Vamba (2640-2635), Huni (2635-2630),

Egypt: The first great stone pyramids are built (Cheops, Chephren, Menkaure)

Egypt: The Great Pyramid of Cheops is the First Wonder of the Ancient World; it will remain the world’s tallest building for 46 centuries.

Beginning of civilization in Crete (Knossos)

The city of Nabada was founded in the north-east of present-day Syria; other cities contemporary with it were: Cagash, Umma, Ur, Urk in present-day Iraq, and Chuera, Ebla, Mari, Nagar, Tuttul in the north of present-day Syria, Troy in Asia Minor and Byblos in present-day

Lech River Valley, Bavaria, present-day Germany. Dozens of buried bodies were discovered in 2020, showing evidence of exclusive social elites, with some bodies covered in bronze and gold ornaments and artifacts, while others were completely unadorned. There are also bodies of women of high social

Egypt: II Dynasty: Hotepsekhemuy, Nebra, Nynetjer, Senedj, Peribsen, Sekhemib, Krasekhemuy