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Some Chinese texts are printed with rudimentary movable type

Guido d’Arezzo introduced a system for notating music: ut, ere, mi, fa, sol, la (the seventh note, B, is missing); Guido d’Arezzo, as a mnemonic aid for the various pitches of the scale, suggested his singers use the first stanza of Paul the Deacon’s hymn

Hungary. Popular uprising in favor of paganism. Hungary becomes apostate.

Foundation of the Order of the Knights of Malta, initially religious with patron Saint John the Evangelist, later mainly lay

Abu Ali’ al-Hasan ibn al-Haitham (965-1039), perhaps the first experimental scientist, in a 7-volume manual of optics, disavows a vast series of misconceptions, such as that we should not see through beams of light that emerge from our eyes.

Birth of the Order of Camaldolese Friars. Around Saint Romuald (925-1027), convinced that the hermit life constituted the pinnacle of monastic experience and the first to practice eremitic cenobitism within the Latin Church, communities of disciples gathered who lived in poverty and penance in the

Jerusalem. Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah orders the burning and destruction of the Holy Sepulchre.

Viking Leif Eriksson reaches Northeast Canada

Icelander Thorfinn Karlsefni explores the northeast coast of North America

Basil II, Byzantine Emperor, conquers Samuel’s Bulgaria

Pope Sylvester II helps impose the decimal system in Europe

Middle-Lower Adriatic. The Doge of Venice, Pietro II Orseolo, supported by Basil, embarked on his most important expedition, celebrated in the centuries that followed with the famous Feast of the Ascension. He set sail at the head of a large fleet against the Narentine pirates

After the decline, the Mayan civilization returns to its peak; the centers of the New Empire are: Chichen Itza, Uxmal, Mayapan, Labna’

The Norwegians colonized some coastal areas of Greenland, with small camps, not self-sufficient because they depended on Norway for supplies, provisions, and food. They also made several forays into Newfoundland, in present-day Canada. When they abandoned the camps for a little over a century, upon

Eric the Red colonizes the southern part of Greenland

Abu ar Rayan Mohammed ibn Ahmad al Biruni accurately measures the equinoxes and latitudes

A series of nomadic steppe peoples—Sarmatians, Marcomanni, Huns, Bulgars, Avars, Magyars, and Mongols—move westward, toward Europe. In 955, the Magyars are finally defeated and driven back near Augsburg, Germany, in the Battle of Lechfeld. As they retreat, they seize control of the marshy plain east

Battle of Lechfeld, near Augsburg. King Otto of Germany defeats the Hungarians. The Hungarians’ momentum is shattered. They will complete the historical cycle of all barbarian invaders: renunciation of raids, sedentary lifestyle, and Christianization.

An Egyptian Sultan uses the first fountain pen, a device he requested so as not to stain his clothes and hands while writing.

Western Europe has 22.6 million inhabitants. Their population continued to increase around the year 1000, and until 1300, when it dropped dramatically due to the bubonic plague.

Azzo Adalberto begins the construction of the Rossena fortress, the western defense of the Canossa Castle

Athelstan of Wessex defeats the Dubliners (allied with Scots and Srathclyde) at Brunanburh

Comacchio. Exploiting the capture of some Venetians as a casus belli, on an unspecified date the Doge of Venice, Pietro II Candiano, attacked Comacchio, destroying its castle and deporting its surviving inhabitants to the lagoon, until he finally secured their submission.

Atto Adalberto begins the construction of the castle of Canossa

The word “wasabi” in the form:和佐比, first appears in The Japanese Names of Medical Herbs(本草和名Honzō Wamyō) .

Andalusia. An Umayyad prince, Abd al-Rahman III, establishes an independent Andalusian state that becomes a caliphate. The fragmentation of Islamic dominions also includes the emancipation of Morocco under the Idrisids (789-926), the rest of North Africa under the Aghlabids (800-909), Egypt under the Tulunids (868-905)

Muslims from Provence cross the Alps and invade Piedmont

Emancipation of Syria under the Fatimids (909-1171). The fragmentation of the Islamic dominions also includes that of Egypt under the Tulunids and the Ikhshidids (935-969), of Morocco under the Idrisids (789-926), that of the rest of North Africa under the Aghlabids (800-909), that of Andalusia

Global warming episode: cattle farms in Greenland and wine grapes are grown in England

The process of canonization of Jewish biblical texts (Old Testament—there isn’t even a word in Hebrew for the “Christian” Bible, which also includes the New Testament) was only completed in the 10th century. For example, it includes Genesis (but excludes the Book of Enoch, the

Large-scale introduction into Western Europe of protein-rich plants such as legumes (e.g., beans, lentils, peas) with high energy content. American medievalist Lynn White states: “The 10th century is full of beans.”

Japan, weakening of imperial power and supremacy of the Fujiwara

Cordoba, the capital of Muslim Spain, has about 100,000 inhabitants, Seville 60,000, Rome only 25,000.

The Holy Roman Empire is reborn: Central Europe, Germany, Benelux, Northern Italy, South-East France, Croatia and Slovenia

Scotland is united after the unification of the Picts (numerically majority) and the Scots (culturally predominant) under the Kingdom of Alba or Scotland, perpetrated by King Scotus Dalriada (Kenneth McAlpin of Dalriada)

Muslims land in Provence

Further Viking attacks on the British Isles

Bishop Leodoin had the city of Modena rebuilt after centuries of decline. The occasion was the decline of Frankish rule, following the death of Charles the Fat, the last descendant of Charlemagne. A dispute arose between Guido da Spoleto and Berengario, Duke of Friuli, and

Sudden decline of the Mayan civilization

A peace treaty after twenty years of war following the Danish invasion of England, divided the country into two parts: one Danish (Danelaw) and one English.

Byzantine Emperor Basil I drives the Arabs from Taranto and Bari.

Emancipation of Egypt under the Tulunids and the Ikhshidids (935-969). The fragmentation of the Islamic dominions also includes that of Morocco under the Idrisids (789-926), that of the rest of North Africa under the Aghlabids (800-909), that of Andalusia under Abd al-Rahman III (912-96), that

Fez. The first authentic institution of higher education is founded: the University of al-Karaouine.

By 600 BC, the Assyrians were already aware of ergotism (ergot), a harmful growth on the ear of wheat. In damp winters and unsuitable storage conditions, mold and fungus thrive. However, the first documented outbreak in Europe occurred in 857 AD, on the German side

The Normans reached Pisa. This was only the last of their sackings, which also included Rouen (841), Nantes (843), Lisbon and Seville (844), Hamburg and Paris, sacked in 845 by 120 ships of Ragnar Lodbrok (later celebrated in the sagas).

Muslims land at Ostia and sack Rome, including the Basilicas of St. Peter and St. Paul

The Normans, aboard 120 ships, commanded by Ragnar Lodbrok (later celebrated in the sagas), sacked Paris and Hamburg.

The Normans sack Rouen

Muslims arrive in Ancona

Abu Ja far Muhammad ibn Musa al Khuwarizmi wrote a work entitled Kitab al jam wa’l tafriq bi hisab al hind (Treatise on Addition and Subtraction According to the Indian Calculation), of which Latin translations are known only from the 12th century onwards. He states:

Ifriqiyan Muslim pirates sack Corsica.

Charlemagne, taking advantage of the internal strife among the Muslims, takes Barcelona.

After the emancipation of Morocco under the Idrisids (789-926) came that of the rest of North Africa under the Aghlabids (800-909). The fragmentation of the Islamic dominions also included that of Andalusia under Abd al-Rahman III (912-96), that of Egypt under the Tulunids (868-905), and

In Arabia they drink qahwa (literally “which prevents sleep”): coffee

India: Mahapurana: If God created the world, then where was He before creation? Know that the world was uncreated, just like time, and is without beginning or end.

The Vikings settled in limited regions of Britain, Ireland, Northern Europe and made raids into the Mediterranean.

First paper factory in Baghdad (an art that the Arabs had learned from a Chinese prisoner who in turn learned it in 712 during the conquest of Samarkand)

Emancipation of Morocco under the Idrisids (789-926). The fragmentation of the Islamic dominions also includes that of Andalusia under Abd al-Rahman III (912-96), that of the rest of North Africa under the Aghlabids (800-909), of Egypt under the Tulunids (868-905), and under the Ikhshidids (935-969),

Abderraman had the first part of the Mezquita, the mosque of Cordoba, built on the foundations of the Christian basilica

The Lombard Kingdom fell to Charlemagne, who bequeathed to the inhabitants of Northern Italy the Langobarda, a powerful body of laws that had accumulated from the original nucleus of the Edict of Rothari of 634. Langobardia roughly covered present-day Lombardy, Piedmont, and Emilia. The Langobarda

Charlemagne annihilates the Lombards

Trees in Japan show a spike in cosmic rays in their growth rings, likely of extrasolar origin.

The Lombard king Aistulf is again defeated by the Franks, allies of the Pope; King Aistulf will die shortly after the acceptance of the peace treaty that provides for the cession of Ravenna.

Caliph al-Mansur receives from the Byzantine Emperor the version of Euclid’s Elements that Hypatia and her father Theon had worked on in the 5th century. It will be translated into Arabic and thus passed down to subsequent generations.

France. Carolingian dynasty (Carolingiens) with 31 sovereigns: Pepin le Bref (Peppino the Short), Carloman I, Charlemagne (Charles I, crowned Emperor of the West by Pope Leo III in Rome on 25 December 800), Louis I le Pieux (Louis I the Pious), Charles II le Chauve

The Lombard king Astolfo conquers Ravenna; here he will reside in the Palace of the Exarch and mint Byzantine-style coins.

Charlemagne, of the Carolingian dynasty and grandson of Charles Martel, was the first ruler of the Holy Roman Empire (Central Europe from Northern Italy, the Balkans to France, Germany).

The nomadic people of the Magyars settled in Hungary. The origins of these populations are not known with certainty but it is thought that they were of Hunnic origin.

Buddhism and Shinto have completely merged and established themselves in Japan.

The Toltecs invade the Mayan territory of Teotihuacan

Arabs from Al-Andalus, Spain, cross the Pyrenees and flood into Septimania

Islamic mathematicians and astronomers reintroduce trigonometry (already known to the Greeks, who also knew spherical trigonometry)

The Arabs, having passed into Spain from North Africa, overthrew the Visigothic kingdom

The Islamic Empire conquers Türkiye and Spain, crossing the Strait of Gibraltar and annihilating the Visigothic army and its king, Rodrigo

The Islamic conquest of Central Asia begins. Arab soldiers convert the city of Bukhara, in Uzbekistan, to Islam first.

Tajikistan. Arab invaders raze the city of Pendgikent, the cultural capital of the Sogdian civilization.

The Umayyads rule the Sunnis from Damascus and expand Islamic dominions from Iberia to the Punjab.

Death of Muhammad. Beginning of the era of the caliphs (literally, successors).

The Indian mathematician Brahmagupta wrote the astronomy treatise “Brahma-Sphuta-Siddhanta” in which among other things he defined zero

Muhammad completes the Hijrah. On September 24, 622, the Prophet Muhammad escaped death by completing the Hijrah, or “flight” from Mecca to Medina. Mecca is the birthplace of the great prophet and the sacred heart of Islam. In 610, in a cave on Mount Hira,