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Beginning of the Ancient Empire in Egypt (Bronze Age)

Eastern forests of North America: Seed crops were already present in 3000 BC, but serious agriculture did not arrive until 4000 years later, in 1000 AD. In Mexico, around 7000 BC, maize and squash were domesticated by humans through agriculture. However, they would not become

An asteroid impacts the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar, creating a 30-kilometer-diameter crater on the ocean floor. This likely results in megatsunamis with waves up to 200 meters high.

Current Great Mayan Cycle begins (13 batkun*20katuns(144000gg)*20tuns(7200gg)*18minals(360gg)*20kins(20gg))

Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt.

Native to the mountainous regions of Turkey, Iran, and India, the onion (Allium cepa) has been known since ancient times: in fact, the Egyptians were already regularly eating it in 3200 BC. It was first introduced to the Mediterranean basin by the Babylonians and Assyrians,

England. Local populations abandon cereal cultivation. The people who built Stonehenge in 3000 BC were not an agricultural society. They had been farmers before, but had abandoned cereal cultivation and returned, from around 3300 BC, to hazelnut harvesting and livestock farming as their main sources

Ebla Civilization in Syria (South of Aleppo, North of present-day Syria)

The Sumerians and Egyptians began using characters to write, which within a thousand years would lead to cuneiform and hieroglyphics, respectively. The Sumerians appear to have been the first, followed by the Egyptians and the Chinese. The Sumerians used a base-6 system, which is still

First enamelled objects.

China. Domestication of the buffalo.

Egypt. Domestication of the donkey.

Ukraine. Domestication of the horse.

City-based cultures flourish

Rice cultivation appears in an area between China and Thailand

In Switzerland they already bake biscuits (biscotum panem)

Domestication of the horse in Western Eurasia.

Northern shore of the Black Sea (present-day Moldova and Ukraine). Villages and small towns were founded and flourish, discovered in the 1970s AD. These are Taljanky, Maidanetske, and Nebelivka, and are called “mega-sites” due to their truly enormous size for the time. These black soils

Cava Fornace Carani, Fiorano (Modena): first evidence of a village in the Modena area, discovered by Fernando Malavolti, who also found a square-mouthed vase of Apulian origin, evidence of extensive trade.

At 12:00 on January 1st, the Julian calendar invented by Scaliger in 1583 AD begins, still used, for convenience, in astronomy; on this date begin the 28-year cycle of the solar calendar (after 28 years the calendar repeats itself), the lunar Metonic cycle (19 years)

In China, the first villages arose along the Huang Ho River.

The advent of agriculture in Europe led to permanent settlements, which consequently led to a higher birth rate and thus to an increase in the population. This, in turn, enabled the storage of large quantities of food supplies, thus supporting non-productive social classes such as

Neolithic: first use of fire for clearing forests

There are 20 million people in the world

“Miyake event,” a very strong solar storm that directly impacts Earth, occurs. The event is recorded in the rings of ancient trees, which will be analyzed in 2022 in a paper published in Royal Society Publishing. Annually resolved measurements of the radiocarbon content of tree

“Miyake event,” a very strong solar storm that directly impacts Earth, occurs. The event is recorded in the rings of ancient trees, which will be analyzed in 2022 in a paper published in Royal Society Publishing. Annually resolved measurements of the radiocarbon content of tree

Austria and Germany. The Neolithic villages of Kilianstadten, Talheim, Schletz, and Herxheim are founded. This is the “Linear Pottery” culture. These were the first European farmers. But after an initial period, a turbulent period followed, after which they ceased to exist. Mass graves are discovered,

In just a few centuries, the Sahara transformed from a prairie with monsoons to a sandy desert (the monsoons disappeared due to the shift in perihelion).

First widespread cultivation of the wine grape in Armenia and Georgia

In central equatorial Africa, someone carved four sets of notches arranged in three rows on a bone. One row contains 11, 13, 17, and 19 notches, representing all the prime numbers between 10 and 20. The other rows also appear to be mathematical in nature.

In Lonche, Istria, a 24-30-year-old hunter-gatherer is treating a cavity in a canine tooth with beeswax. The jawbone will be found in 2012 AD. The discovery will be made after analyses using various techniques, including X-ray microtomography, at the Elettra-Sincrotrone Syrmep line at the Trieste

Anthroposophy has its own concept of history: according to Rudolf Steiner, our current era falls within the post-Atlantean period, since in his view, the disaster that is said to have struck Atlantis in 7227 BC was a significant turning point in human history. Steiner divides

Following the end of the Wurz glaciation, the waters of the Mediterranean rose to the point of overcoming the natural barrier of the Bosphorus and flowing into the freshwater lake represented by the Black Sea basin; the cascade of water continued for about a century

China. Domestication begins, also understood as the selection of the most suitable species and therefore the involuntary genetic modification of the species, of plants like rice and millet, and animals like pigs and silkworms. All this allows human groups to form villages, have surpluses to

China. Dating of the earliest Chinese remains of agricultural crop consumption, domestic animal bones, pottery, stone tools, and weapons.

First stone settlement in Petra (Jordan)

In Palestine, the first city with a wall flourishes in Jericho.

Massive spread of blond-haired, light-eyed individuals across Northern Europe; a possible explanation for this rapid spread is this: during that period, the extreme cold meant that populations in the coldest areas ate only meat. Unable to gather fruit and vegetables, males had to embark on

Domestication of cereals, especially Triticum Dicoccum, and legumes, in a vast area spanning eastern Anatolia, northern Iraq, Palestine and western Iran

Mesopotamia. Accountants recorded the quantities of objects with small clay tokens of various shapes, which were then placed in a sealed clay container, inscribed with a symbol indicating the number of tokens inside (to avoid breaking the container). This is perhaps the birth of symbols

North America and Europe. With the extinction of large mammals like mastodons and mammoths, species whose numerous and invasive presence contributed to maintaining deforested grasslands are disappearing. This has resulted in a marked increase in forests at high latitudes, since there are no large mammals

The cultivation of various plants and their domestication first spread to the Fertile Crescent and then independently to other parts of the world, such as China, Mesoamerica (Mexico), South America (Ecuador, Peru), and the Mississippi Valley. Of the 200,000 wild plant species, only a few

Start of sheep farming

Bethlehem, Judea. Someone sculpts a figurine of a man and a woman wrapped in amorous embrace: the Ain Sakhri Lovers Figurine.

Fertile Crescent. Domestication of the sheep.

The current process of desertification begins in the Sahara: from a thriving savannah with gazelles, giraffes, zebras, elephants, and cattle, in just over a thousand years it becomes an arid desert. Humans must find an alternative to hunting, and cattle ranching offers a viable option.

Cyprus: Shared burial of a man and a cat. This is the first evidence of humans and cats cohabiting.

Holocene (Cenozoic period, Quaternary era)

Last glaciation (Wurz), completely ended only after 8000 BC

First use of fire lit by man (Second Fire) i.e. anthropogenic

In 10,000 BC, the world was home to thousands of civilizations, all but or completely isolated from one another. By 1450 AD, their numbers had declined dramatically, and more than 90% of the world’s population lived in a single macro-civilization in Afro-Eurasia. The remaining 10%

Northern Syria. First cultivation of wild cereals. This was “game farming,” not planned and organized to sustain society. The process of biological domestication, which also included the transition from a fragile to a tough stem, would not be completed until 7000 BC, or a full

There are between 5 and 8 million hunter-gatherers in the world.

Only a few thousand years have passed since humans arrived in North America, but already 70% of large mammal species have become extinct because of humans: buffalo, horses, antelopes, sloths, mammoths, saber-toothed tigers, lions, etc.

A meteor shower hits North America. This event, evidenced by the discovery of nanodiamonds in the geological layer, may have contributed to the extinction of mammoths, saber-toothed cats, and giant sloths.

The Gulf Stream, for unknown reasons, slows down or stops and causes a cooling across the globe: in England the average temperature is around -5C against the current +11C

Signs of what may have been the use of wine have been found in Franchthi Cave, Greece.

Russian and Mongolian hunter-gatherers of Central Asia herded reindeer. Along with dogs, they were the first species bred by humans.

The emergence of local cultural worlds during the Mesolithic increases the likelihood that relatively autonomous societies will abandon seasonal dispersal and adapt to a permanent top-down hierarchical system.

Arlington Springs Man: A woman found in the Channel Islands off Southern California, these are the islands where the Pygmy Mammoth thrived… it thrived until the arrival of man.

Mesopotamia. First evidence of organization into tribes rather than bands. Note, however, that for millions of years, the entire human race was organized ONLY into bands. Over the last 13,000 years, a gradual process of organization into more complex hierarchies began, leading to tribes, dominions,

Between 17,000 and 12,000 years ago (the estimated date is 15,000 years ago with an uncertainty of 2,000-3,000 years), several species of large mammals became extinct in the Americas. Until then, the American West resembled the African Serengeti, with herds of elephants, horses, and even

Americas. Gomphothere elephants (four-tusked) in South America and mastodons (15 tons) in North America became extinct soon after the first humans arrived on the continent, 17.5 and 16.5 million years later, respectively. Both had already become extinct on the rest of the continents 2.7 million

Phlegraean Fields, Campania. The eruption of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff is the second most important in the Campania region (the first occurred in 37,000 BC). During the eruption, several dozen square kilometers of magma were emitted from a center located in the Phlegraean Fields, covering

First vases made in Japan.

Breakthrough of the glacial barrier by Lake Misoula in the Scrablands, Northwest America

Invention of the bow and arrow in Europe

Although Neanderthals were structurally and anatomically adapted to the cold, they actually did not settle further north than Germany, while the hominid populations arriving from Siberia lived in much colder climates. This is not surprising considering that Neanderthals did not possess sewing technology (needle and

The southern end of the glacier, which covers much of North America, reaches Staten Island (just south of Manhattan). The movement of the ice erodes the landscape down to the bedrock, still visible, for example, in Central Park. The subsequent retreat of the ice will

Extinction of Neanderthal man or his partial fusion with Homo sapiens

According to a study conducted by Bryan Hockett of the Nevada Bureau of Land Management, a pregnant Neanderthal woman needed at least 5,500 kcal per day, more than double that of a modern woman. A polar explorer’s requirement, equivalent to 10 large cheeseburgers a day,

First fired clay objects (small objects) produced in the area of the modern Czech Republic.

First rudimentary evidence of weaving techniques in the area of the modern Czech Republic.

The first fired clay objects (small objects) were produced in the area of the modern Czech Republic. Rudimentary evidence of weaving techniques has also been found in the same places. However, this is generally not considered sufficient evidence to prove that the human groups in

In South-West Germany, the Hohlenstein Stadel statuette, a half-man chimera with a lion’s head made of ivory, was manufactured.

Duvanny Yar, Kolyma River, Siberia. A Silene stenophylla seedling accidentally falls into a squirrel burrow 38 meters deep in the Siberian tundra. After 32,000 years, a team of Russian scientists from the Pushkino Research Center will bring it back to life and make it sprout.

Last evidence of giant animals in Australia and New Guinea. Human presence (Aborigines) likely played a role (extermination and/or ecosystem alteration) in the disappearance of the Megafauna: giant kangaroos, cow-sized rhinoceros-like marsupials (diprotodonts), a leopard-like marsupial, a 200-kg flightless bird, several impressively large reptiles such

Chauvet Cave, southern France. It is part of a series of hunting scenes painted on cave walls in prehistoric Europe. Other sites include Lascaux Cave, also in southern France (15,000 BC), and Altamira Cave in southern Spain (16,500 BC). The scenes often include animals defecating.

The first “Europeans” emerged as hybrids between dark-skinned humans from Africa and the white-skinned, red-haired, and blue-eyed Neanderthals already present on the European continent. Soon after, an artistic culture flourished in Europe, including depictions of animals and people on cave walls and the first musical

Hohlenstein-Stadel, Swabian Jura, Germany. In 1939, a 30-cm-tall artifact, half man, half lion, was found in a deep cave. It dated back 40,000 years, when Neanderthals lived in Europe. The Venus of Hohle Fels, dating back to the same period, was also found at the