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The literacy rate is 90% in the Netherlands and the United States, 80% in England, 70% in Germany, 45% in Italy, and 20% worldwide. It will rise above 80% globally by the beginning of the 21st century.

War between the English and the Boers (peasants of Dutch origin) in South Africa

Guglielmo Marconi experiments with the first radio transmission from the Isle of Wight

Nikola Tesla obtains patents Nos. 645,576 and 649,621 on wireless radio transmission. They are accepted in 1900. Later, a lengthy dispute ensues between Marconi and Tesla over the patent’s ownership. Marconi prevails until a Supreme Court ruling, half a century later, awards it to Nikola

Guglielmo Marconi founded the Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company in London with a capital of 100,000 pound-a-piece shares; Wireless would later become one of the six English firms that would form the BBC. Marconi received £15,000 for the sale of his patent and 60,000 shares.

London. Guglielmo Marconi, supported by the General Post Office’s chief engineer, William Henry Preece, gave a public demonstration at the British Association and then, in December, at Toynbee Hall. He placed two black metal boxes at either corner of the theater. Then, on one side,

London. Guglielmo Marconi meets with the powerful chief engineer of the General Post Office, William Henry Preece, who attempts to take him under his wing, giving him full access to his funds, laboratories, and ships on which to experiment. He also advises him against accepting

Friedrich Nietzsche publishes The Antichrist

First Armenian Holocaust

Frenchman Etienne Marey invents the movie camera

William Kemmler is executed in the electric chair at New York’s Sing Sing Prison using alternating current, as planned by Edison, who coined the term “Westinghouseizing” or executing with alternating current to instill in people the idea that alternating current (promoted by Westinghouse and Tesla)

Vincent Van Gogh, under the care of a doctor, shoots himself in the chest in the middle of a wheat field

The first steel-framed skyscraper is built in Chicago

Clemens Winkler of the Freiberg Mining University between Saxony and Bohemia isolates the semiconductor germanium, which fills the gap between silicon and tin in Mendeleev’s table. A few years earlier, Lars Nilson of Uppsala University discovers scandium, thus filling the gap between calcium and titanium

Mark Twain publishes “Mississippi Tales,” the first work he ever typed for his publisher. Twain dictated it to his secretary, who used a Remington typewriter. Twain was the most famous person in America at the time.

After the Congress of Berlin, Russia distanced itself from Germany, thus establishing the alliance system that would lead to the First and Second World Wars in the following century. At the Congress of Berlin, the new German Reich Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, took over the

The first national strike in US history had a rather humble origin. On July 16, 1877, forty railroad workers responded to news of a wage cut by walking out of work and halting train traffic in Martinsburg, West Virginia. That single event triggered a domino

Charles Darwin publishes The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication

Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia. After two days of intense fighting, the Confederate victory is significant, but the Union line holds. Grant loses 14,823 killed and wounded, Lee 8,000 killed and wounded. But now Grant, instead of retreating as his predecessors would have done, advances

At midnight on May 3, the Union offensive in Virginia began.

300,000 Indians west of the 95th meridian (established as the permanent Indian frontier by Jackson-Sharp Knife in 1830). 31 million Europeans in the U.S. The Indian Wars begin. Abraham Lincoln is elected president with 40% of the vote.

Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, enters the government of the Kingdom of Sardinia led by Massimo D’Azeglio.

Leipzig surroundings. 5:00 PM. The first Prussian attack against Ney’s French troops takes the enemy by surprise and is successful, but when Napoleon arrives with other army corps, late in the afternoon, the Prussians and Russians are forced to retreat by an overwhelming enemy.

The United States declares war on Great Britain, exasperated by the naval blockade that has led to the capture of thousands of American merchant ships in Europe.

Russian troops under Tsarina Catherine the Great achieved a spectacular victory in the Balkans against the Ottoman Empire. They would repeat the feat in 1792. Catherine the Great, along with her most famous lover, Grigory Potemkin, aspired to restore the Byzantine Empire.

Captain James Cook: first scientific voyage around the world aboard the Endeavour

Christian Huygens correctly hypothesized that the “handles” of Saturn observed by Galileo Galilei were actually a flattened ring orbiting the planet.

France. Bourbon dynasty (first regency) with five sovereigns: Henry IV the Great, Louis XIII the Just, Louis XIV the Sun King, Louis XV the Beloved, Louis XVI the Desired. Then, with the French Revolution, the National Convention was established, followed by the Directory, the Consulate,

Jubilee celebrated by Nicholas V

The Kingdom of Lotharingia includes Istria, Northern Italy (Tuscany, Emilia west of Bologna excluding, Veneto, Friuli, Lombardy, Piedmont, Liguria), Provence, Ruhr, Belgium, Holland

Construction begins on the Theodosian Walls for the protection of Constantinople; they will protect the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire from the Huns, Arabs, Turks, and Russians for another thousand years!

Native to Asia Minor, the cherry tree (Prunus avium L.) spread to Egypt by the 7th century BC and later to Greece (it is mentioned by Theophrastus in the 3rd century). The first evidence of its presence in Italy dates back to the 2nd century