First Italian War of Independence. With spontaneous popular participation in various cities (Milan, Venice, Genoa) and regions (Sicily, Tuscany), Piedmont rebelled and waged war against Austria. From a strictly military perspective, it was divided into three phases: two military campaigns (the first from March 23 to August 9, 1848, and the second from March 20 to 24, 1849), separated by a truce lasting several months. The war can also be divided into two parts: a first phase in which the war was waged by the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and the Papal States, followed by a second phase (beginning in April 1848) in which the Kingdom of Sardinia’s allies (while maintaining their troops) officially left the coalition.
