Azzo Adalberto begins the construction of the Rossena fortress, the western defense of the Canossa Castle

Athelstan of Wessex defeats the Dubliners (allied with Scots and Srathclyde) at Brunanburh

Comacchio. Exploiting the capture of some Venetians as a casus belli, on an unspecified date the Doge of Venice, Pietro II Candiano, attacked Comacchio, destroying its castle and deporting its surviving inhabitants to the lagoon, until he finally secured their submission.

Atto Adalberto begins the construction of the castle of Canossa

The word “wasabi” in the form:和佐比, first appears in The Japanese Names of Medical Herbs(本草和名Honzō Wamyō) .

Andalusia. An Umayyad prince, Abd al-Rahman III, establishes an independent Andalusian state that becomes a caliphate. The fragmentation of Islamic dominions also includes the emancipation of Morocco under the Idrisids (789-926), the rest of North Africa under the Aghlabids (800-909), Egypt under the Tulunids (868-905) and the Ikhshidids (935-969), Syria under the Fatimids (909-1171), and Afghanistan under the Ghaznavids (977-1186).

Muslims from Provence cross the Alps and invade Piedmont

Emancipation of Syria under the Fatimids (909-1171). The fragmentation of the Islamic dominions also includes that of Egypt under the Tulunids and the Ikhshidids (935-969), of Morocco under the Idrisids (789-926), that of the rest of North Africa under the Aghlabids (800-909), that of Andalusia under Abd al-Rahman III (912-96), that of Afghanistan under the Ghaznavids (977-1186).

Global warming episode: cattle farms in Greenland and wine grapes are grown in England

The process of canonization of Jewish biblical texts (Old Testament—there isn’t even a word in Hebrew for the “Christian” Bible, which also includes the New Testament) was only completed in the 10th century. For example, it includes Genesis (but excludes the Book of Enoch, the Life of Adam and Eve, and the Testament of Abraham), the Psalms of King David (but excludes the Psalms of King Solomon), the Book of Malachi (but excludes the Book of Baruch), and Chronicles (but excludes the Maccabees).

Large-scale introduction into Western Europe of protein-rich plants such as legumes (e.g., beans, lentils, peas) with high energy content. American medievalist Lynn White states: “The 10th century is full of beans.”

Japan, weakening of imperial power and supremacy of the Fujiwara

Cordoba, the capital of Muslim Spain, has about 100,000 inhabitants, Seville 60,000, Rome only 25,000.

The Holy Roman Empire is reborn: Central Europe, Germany, Benelux, Northern Italy, South-East France, Croatia and Slovenia

Scotland is united after the unification of the Picts (numerically majority) and the Scots (culturally predominant) under the Kingdom of Alba or Scotland, perpetrated by King Scotus Dalriada (Kenneth McAlpin of Dalriada)

Muslims land in Provence

Further Viking attacks on the British Isles

Bishop Leodoin had the city of Modena rebuilt after centuries of decline. The occasion was the decline of Frankish rule, following the death of Charles the Fat, the last descendant of Charlemagne. A dispute arose between Guido da Spoleto and Berengario, Duke of Friuli, and after fierce battles, the former prevailed, commissioning the bishop to rebuild the city (abandoned by the political authorities since the time of the Lombards and managed solely by religious authorities; for example, the church of San Pietro and the adjacent Benedictine monastery still existed).

Sudden decline of the Mayan civilization

A peace treaty after twenty years of war following the Danish invasion of England, divided the country into two parts: one Danish (Danelaw) and one English.

Byzantine Emperor Basil I drives the Arabs from Taranto and Bari.

Emancipation of Egypt under the Tulunids and the Ikhshidids (935-969). The fragmentation of the Islamic dominions also includes that of Morocco under the Idrisids (789-926), that of the rest of North Africa under the Aghlabids (800-909), that of Andalusia under Abd al-Rahman III (912-96), that of Syria under the Fatimids (909-1171), that of Afghanistan under the Ghaznavids (977-1186).

Fez. The first authentic institution of higher education is founded: the University of al-Karaouine.

By 600 BC, the Assyrians were already aware of ergotism (ergot), a harmful growth on the ear of wheat. In damp winters and unsuitable storage conditions, mold and fungus thrive. However, the first documented outbreak in Europe occurred in 857 AD, on the German side of the Rhine. There were also 40,000 documented deaths in France in 994 and 12,000 in 1129, all linked to ergotism. In 1926-27, 11,000 people were affected by ergotism in an area of Russia near the Urals. Ergot poisoning may also have been the basis for the witchcraft accusations against 250 people, mostly women, in Salem, USA, in 1692. Symptoms of buckthorn poisoning include diarrhea, vomiting, convulsions, hallucinations, stuttering, bizarre convulsions of the limbs, ringing sensations, and severe sensory disturbances. Salem had just experienced hot, rainy weather, and there was a swamp nearby.

The Normans reached Pisa. This was only the last of their sackings, which also included Rouen (841), Nantes (843), Lisbon and Seville (844), Hamburg and Paris, sacked in 845 by 120 ships of Ragnar Lodbrok (later celebrated in the sagas).

Muslims land at Ostia and sack Rome, including the Basilicas of St. Peter and St. Paul

The Normans, aboard 120 ships, commanded by Ragnar Lodbrok (later celebrated in the sagas), sacked Paris and Hamburg.

The Normans sack Rouen

Muslims arrive in Ancona

Abu Ja far Muhammad ibn Musa al Khuwarizmi wrote a work entitled Kitab al jam wa’l tafriq bi hisab al hind (Treatise on Addition and Subtraction According to the Indian Calculation), of which Latin translations are known only from the 12th century onwards. He states: “We have decided to explain the Indian way of calculating with the help of nine characters and to show how, thanks to their simplicity and conciseness, these characters can express all numbers. (…) [he then points out the Indian origin of the nine digits and the] tenth figure in the form of a circle [and recommends] not neglecting their use so as not to confuse the positions.” This is probably the first Arabic testimony in favor of the Indian origin of modern numeration.

Ifriqiyan Muslim pirates sack Corsica.

Charlemagne, taking advantage of the internal strife among the Muslims, takes Barcelona.

After the emancipation of Morocco under the Idrisids (789-926) came that of the rest of North Africa under the Aghlabids (800-909). The fragmentation of the Islamic dominions also included that of Andalusia under Abd al-Rahman III (912-96), that of Egypt under the Tulunids (868-905), and under the Ikhshidids (935-969), of Syria under the Fatimids (909-1171), of Afghanistan under the Ghaznavids (977-1186).

In Arabia they drink qahwa (literally “which prevents sleep”): coffee

India: Mahapurana: If God created the world, then where was He before creation? Know that the world was uncreated, just like time, and is without beginning or end.

The Vikings settled in limited regions of Britain, Ireland, Northern Europe and made raids into the Mediterranean.

First paper factory in Baghdad (an art that the Arabs had learned from a Chinese prisoner who in turn learned it in 712 during the conquest of Samarkand)

Emancipation of Morocco under the Idrisids (789-926). The fragmentation of the Islamic dominions also includes that of Andalusia under Abd al-Rahman III (912-96), that of the rest of North Africa under the Aghlabids (800-909), of Egypt under the Tulunids (868-905), and under the Ikhshidids (935-969), of Syria under the Fatimids (909-1171), of Afghanistan under the Ghaznavids (977-1186).

Abderraman had the first part of the Mezquita, the mosque of Cordoba, built on the foundations of the Christian basilica

The Lombard Kingdom fell to Charlemagne, who bequeathed to the inhabitants of Northern Italy the Langobarda, a powerful body of laws that had accumulated from the original nucleus of the Edict of Rothari of 634. Langobardia roughly covered present-day Lombardy, Piedmont, and Emilia. The Langobarda covered matters of civil law and would form the basis of urban customs for centuries. It was one of the elements that would legitimize the governance of cities and thus the rise of municipalities in Northern Italy.

Charlemagne annihilates the Lombards

Trees in Japan show a spike in cosmic rays in their growth rings, likely of extrasolar origin.