Oklo, Gabon. A total of 17 natural nuclear reactors are igniting. Nuclear waste of the same type and percentage as modern nuclear reactors is evident: the dreaded plutonium-239, which in its decay process generates a whole series of fission byproducts found precisely (within 1 ppm)
Snowball Earth, also known as Makganyene, was an ice age of enormous proportions, probably the most extreme ever to occur on Earth. Average temperatures dropped by 45°C, and perhaps the entire planet became a vast ice sheet, reaching the equator. The oceans froze for 800
Earth’s atmosphere begins to significantly enrich itself with oxygen
On Earth, thanks to plate tectonics, abundant water, and volcanism (phenomena that are not unrelated), as many as 1,500 mineral species are formed, and increasing…
First Stomatolites (blue-green algae still present in Australia)
Stromatolites (Bindstone) are becoming widespread: finely laminated sedimentary structures belonging to the group of non-particulate, bioconstructed limestones, resulting from the activity of benthic photosynthetic microorganisms such as prokaryotes (e.g., cyanobacteria) and even microscopic eukaryotic algae. They form through periodic entrapment of very fine particulate sediment,
Mars: Latest evidence of water-rock interaction; likely extinction of Martian oceans
Formation of sedimentary rocks in present-day western Greenland. Examined by Shidlowski in 1988 AD, they showed increased values of the isotope 12C, suggesting a probable organic origin, for example, due to photosynthesis.
Bacteria are differentiated from Archaea, both single-celled organisms without a nucleus (later the Eucharia, or eukaryotes, or single- or multicellular organisms with a nucleus will differentiate from Bacteria)
A huge meteorite crashes into the Moon and forms the Mare Serenitatis, with an explosion equivalent to billions of H-bombs.
A meteorite the size of Rhode Island crashes into the Moon and creates Mare Imbrium, the largest crater on the Moon’s near side (NW side); the impact distributes radioactive thorium over a large area of the Moon’s near side; this area will turn out to
End of “sterilizing” impacts on Earth (meteorites hundreds of kilometers in diameter)
Second eon of Earth: Archean. The first oceans and the first continents form: Ur, Vaalbara, and Kenorlandia. The first forms of life appear: single-celled organisms without a nucleus.
Early Heavy Bombardment. The continuous migration of the outer giant planets of the Solar System causes an intense meteor shower on the inner planets. This phenomenon particularly affects Earth, occasionally leading to the partial or complete melting of the Earth’s crust, compromising the possible early
Latest evidence for a rotating magnetic (ferrous) core on the Moon. The experimental evidence comes from lunar samples made available by the Apollo missions, unshocked by impacts (which could also be the source of the magnetic field).
After the impact, the Earth’s core reaches temperatures of 4000-7000C; the planet’s heat retention capacity is so good that it is estimated that in the following 4 billion years the core cooled by only 110C.
Earth is formed, but it is still an uninhabitable place.
The density of energy and other forms of matter falls below that of vacuum energy. The Universe continues to accelerate its expansion. It is 73% of its current size (4.5 billion years later).
The Sun leaves the Sagittarius arm and enters the Orion arm, where it is still located.
Orion Arm, Milky Way. The supersonic wave from a supernova passes through a flattened cloud of cosmic dust, approximately 20 billion kilometers in diameter, likely the remnants of two extinct stars. The dust mixes with particles from the supernova, and the whole thing begins to