The War on Terror launched by the United States after September 11, 2001, caused 225,000 deaths, 365,000 injuries, and a cost of $4.4 trillion between 2001 and 2011. The spending figure includes the costs of counterterrorism on US soil and reimbursements and social services for veterans and war invalids through 2051, which represent approximately two-thirds of the total costs. The study, conducted by Brown University, includes the wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Yemen. A total of 31,741 soldiers were killed, including 6,000 Americans, 1,200 allies, 9,900 Iraqis, 8,800 Afghans, 3,500 Pakistanis, and 2,300 US private security contractors. The civilians killed are 172,000: 125,000 Iraqis, 35,000 Pakistanis, and 12,000 Afghans. The insurgents killed are estimated between 20,000 and 51,000. The journalists killed are 168 and the humanitarian workers 266. There are approximately 7.8 million war refugees, mostly in Iraq and Afghanistan.
