Until 1957, the US Air Force’s Strategic Air Command (SAC) refused to share its nuclear targets with other commands. When sharing was done, hundreds of “time-over targets” were discovered—for example, the Kremlin would be hit by US Navy missiles, then by Army Minuteman missiles, and finally by B-52s. These were unnecessary overkills, which led to the development of the Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) in 1960.
