Eckert and Mauchly, EMCC – Remington Rand had not forgotten the value of the women programmers they had met in the US Navy and hired Betty Snider Holberton (who would develop COBOL and FORTRAN), Jenny Jennings Bartik, Kay McNulty, and the legendary Grace Hopper, who in 1952 would create the first compiler, A-0 (and had already introduced and implemented subroutines, the concept of debugging, and bug fixing). Hopper understood that hardware would become a commodity and therefore software would have to be hardware-independent.
