The first month of war after the truce cost Napoleon 100,000 men and 200 cannons, while the Allies lost 85,000 soldiers and 50 cannons, but were about to receive reinforcements.

Napoleon leaves Dresden. He hasn’t decided yet, but his final destination will be Leipzig.

Even before the armistice expired, blurting out that “it’s time to put an end to the diplomatic antics,” the Prussian Blucher moved his army into Silesia.

The armistice between Napoleon and the sixth (!) anti-Napoleonic coalition is extended by 3 weeks, until August 10th.

Russia. The Duchy of Warsaw establishes the quantities of food to be provided for the Tsarist army: 3,000 tons of flour, 400 tons of ground oats, 250 tons of vodka (!), 330 tons of meat, and 1,000 live cattle. Tsar Alexander will complain about the rations and the slowness with which they were delivered.

The German mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss, knowing that a triangle in a curved space does not have a sum of 180 degrees, measured the angles at the vertices of the three Brocken mountains in the Harz (Northern Germany), the Inselberg in Thuringia, and Hohen Hagen near Dransfeld, southwest of Göttingen. The sum was 180 degrees and 15″ (arc seconds). Further proof of the curvature of the Earth.

Barclay de Tolly replaces Wittgenstein as commander-in-chief of the Russian armies in Europe.

Battle of Bautzen. Evening. Napoleon was deeply disappointed with the outcome of Bautzen: instead of a decisive victory, he had to settle for repelling the Allies with heavy losses on both sides: 13,000 to 25,000 on the French side (depending on the source) and 10,000 to 15,000 on the Allied side (depending on the source). In the end, 200,000 Napoleonic troops and 250,000 Russo-Prussians were involved in the battle.

Battle of Bautzen. 96,000 Russo-Prussian allies face 180,000 Napoleonic troops. Napoleon has a decisive victory within reach, potentially destructive for the alliance he faces, but Marshal Ney’s mistakes deprive him of it.

Dresden. Allied Prussian and Russian troops fan out across Saxon territory toward Leipzig.

Prussian Wintzingerode conquers Dresden, the capital of Saxony.

France. Napoleon incredibly manages to reassemble a Grande Armée, but suffers from a shortage of horses. In Russia the year before, he had lost 175,000, and in a few months he had only mustered 29,000.

Russia. Finance Minister Dmitry Guryev, faced with the disastrous Russian finances and enormous public debt, once again turned to Britain for help. This time, instead of requesting a subsidy, he was ordered to present the British government with a proposal for the issuance of “federal paper money,” on which interest would accrue, to be redeemed immediately after the war’s end. These banknotes—and herein lies the advantage (for the Russians) or the catch (for the British)—would be guaranteed by the governments of Great Britain, Russia, and Prussia to help finance the war effort. The British responded with a subsidy of 1.33 million pounds and 3.3 million pounds for the federal paper money project. …these were the first Eurobonds? For the Russians, these millions of pounds were supposed to cover the entire upcoming campaign of 1813.

Venezuela. Simon Bolivar, after proclaiming the Second Republic, issues the “Decree of War to the Death.” He resorts to terror. He manages to drive royalist forces from several Venezuelan cities. But many natives (people of color) continue to side with the monarchy.

Cauchy is interested in the motion of an articulated octahedron: it is the first study of a parallel robot

Prussia. As soon as Kaiser Friedrich Wilhelm learns of the Convention of Tauroggen, he publicly denounces it and declares his unwavering loyalty to Napoleon.

Eastern Europe. Dozens of Napoleonic strongholds remain in French hands, besieged by the Russians. Danta is one of the most important. It’s a stalemate because the Russians are on their knees from the winter, too few and too dispersed to mount an effective siege, while the French have no choice but to dig in and wait.

France. Napoleon has already arrived in Paris and has immediately begun building a new Grande Armée. To the amazement of all of Europe, and especially the Russians (who will take much longer to lick their wounds), he succeeds, and by spring he is ready for a new military campaign.

Russia. Napoleon leaves his troops safe west of the Berezina and departs for Paris. The remaining troops are commanded by his trusted Murat.

Russia. Troops under the command of the Russian Chichagov managed to capture the gigantic supply depots of Minsk. They would have sustained Napoleon’s Grande Armée for a month.

Russia. Napoleon is already in Gzatsk, where he establishes his headquarters, 230 kilometers from Smolensk, on the main road. On their way there, they must pass through the battlefield of Borodino, where thousands of unburied corpses still lie, exposed to the elements and climatic changes for 52 days, devoured by wolves and birds of prey.

Napoleon leaves Moscow. With the reinforcements received in recent weeks, his army numbers 100,000. The Guard represents the core of the force, and has practically never seen action. Kutuzov has 63,000 men at his disposal in his army, and 620 cannons, far more than the French. Napoleon also suffers from a shortage of horses: by the time he leaves Moscow, some of his cavalry is already dismounted.

Russia. The highest-ranking Russian officer in charge of provisions reports having enough biscuits to feed 120,000 men for just 20 days, that is, until November 6th, and 54,000 hectoliters of oats for the horses.

Tarutino, Russia. Napoleon’s troops, led by Murat, are narrowly defeated by the Russian army in the suburbs of Moscow. Kutuzov will establish his headquarters there.

Moscow. Several fires break out in the city. At the time, they were attributed to Napoleon’s troops, but were likely started by the retreating Tsarist army. Seventy-five percent of Moscow’s buildings were reduced to ashes in six days of fires, costing 270 million rubles, an astronomical amount for the time. The Russians also abandoned 70,000 muskets and much of their military equipment in the city. The army’s goods had been loaded onto 23 barges, but the fourth, overloaded with artillery, ran aground on the Moskva River, blocking the passage of the other 19 barges! Equipment worth 5 million rubles was set ablaze. When they reconquered the city, they discovered 70,000 bodies of Russians, likely killed directly or indirectly by the fires.