The U.S. Congress adopts the Trade Reform Act, which includes the Jackson-Vanik Amendment, which establishes the United States’ commitment to the Soviet Union’s respect for the right of Jews to emigrate. This amendment will soon become a stumbling block in relations between the two countries until the end of the Cold War. From 1989 to 2009, Israel will welcome one million Jews from the former USSR, and Germany more than 230,000.
