Pierre de Fermat’s son, Clement-Samuel, published Diophantus’s Arithmetica with the Observations of P. de Fermat in Toulouse. Along with the Greek original and the Latin translation, his father’s 48 notes also appeared. These were 48 astonishing insights, without a single proof; several proofs were later found among his father’s papers; mathematicians of the time were able to prove all the other theorems except the second note, which later became known as Fermat’s Last Theorem (only the case with n=4 was proved by Fermat using the infinite descent method).
