Present-day Poland and Ukraine. The death of Władysław IV sparked anarchy, including popular uprisings against the Polish magnates, nobles, and Jews. The estimated death toll in Ukraine was 18,000–20,000 out of a population of 40,000. Many communities were destroyed. In Nemirov, for example, in May 1648, the Cossacks massacred 6,000 people. Peace was achieved through the mediation of the Tatars on June 18, 1649.
