Andalusia. An Umayyad prince, Abd al-Rahman III, establishes an independent Andalusian state that becomes a caliphate. The fragmentation of Islamic dominions also includes the emancipation of Morocco under the Idrisids (789-926), the rest of North Africa under the Aghlabids (800-909), Egypt under the Tulunids (868-905) and the Ikhshidids (935-969), Syria under the Fatimids (909-1171), and Afghanistan under the Ghaznavids (977-1186).
