{"id":618909,"date":"2026-01-18T19:26:49","date_gmt":"2026-01-18T18:26:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cronologia-universale.it\/1690\/"},"modified":"2026-01-18T19:26:49","modified_gmt":"2026-01-18T18:26:49","slug":"july-26-27-1656","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cronologia-universale.it\/en\/july-26-27-1656\/","title":{"rendered":"July 26 &#8211; 27, 1656"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Netherlands. The leadership of the Jewish-Iberian congregation in Amsterdam pronounces the herem (social exclusion from the group\u2014but different from Christian excommunication) expelling the philosopher Baruch Spinoza from the community. Born in Amsterdam in 1632 to Portuguese parents, he converted to Judaism in Hamburg and studied with freethinkers and Jesuits. The &#8220;horrible heresies&#8221; and &#8220;monstrous acts&#8221; he is accused of have never been made explicit, and thus remain an unsolved mystery.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Netherlands. The leadership of the Jewish-Iberian congregation in Amsterdam pronounces the herem (social exclusion from&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[43],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-618909","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vg-en"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>July 26 - 27, 1656 - Cronologia Universale<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cronologia-universale.it\/en\/july-26-27-1656\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"July 26 - 27, 1656 - Cronologia Universale\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Netherlands. 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